27 October 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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IIT Kanpur Conducts Cloud Seeding Trial in Delhi

Experts from IIT Kanpur successfully conducted a trial cloud seeding operation over Delhi, which could potentially result in the city’s first artificial rain in the coming days, provided the weather conditions remain favourable.

About Cloud Seeding:

• Definition: A weather modification technique that enhances a cloud’s ability to produce rain or snow by introducing tiny ice nuclei into existing natural clouds.
• Note: Cloud seeding does not create clouds, it only modifies precipitation in already present clouds.

Working Mechanism:

• Nuclei are released into clouds using aircraft or ground-based generators.
• These nuclei act as a base for snowflake formation.
• The newly formed snowflakes grow and fall to the ground as rain or snow.

Seeding Agents:

• Commonly Used: Silver Iodide (AgI) – highly efficient ice nucleating properties.
• Others: Potassium iodide (KI), Sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and Frozen Carbon Dioxide (Dry Ice – CO₂).

Benefits of Cloud Seeding:

• Combating Pollution: Can help wash out particulate matter, providing temporary relief from air pollution.
• Enhancing Water Supply: Boosts winter snowfall and mountain snowpack, supplementing natural water resources for surrounding communities.

Concerns and Risks:

• Effectiveness Issues: Lack of reliable data reduces operational effectiveness and makes ROI uncertain.
• Seeding Material Toxicity: Silver Iodide may be toxic to terrestrial and aquatic life, prompting research into safer alternatives.
• Environmental Risks: Risk of intense rainfall coinciding with floods, potentially damaging infrastructure, crops, and livelihoods.

Union Government Seeks CJI’s Recommendation for Successor

The Union Government has requested the Chief Justice of India (CJI) to recommend a successor ahead of the current CJI’s retirement, as per the Memorandum of Procedure (MoP) guidelines.

Constitutional Basis:

• CJI and Other Supreme Court Judges: Appointed by the President under Article 124(2) of the Constitution.
• High Court Judges: Appointed by the President under Article 217, based on Collegium recommendations.

Appointment of the Chief Justice of India (CJI):

1. Seniority Principle:

Conventionally, the senior-most Supreme Court judge is elevated as CJI.

2. Government Process:

Union government requests the current CJI to recommend a successor, usually one month before retirement.

3. Recommendation:

CJI sends a formal recommendation to the Ministry of Law, naming the senior-most eligible judge.

4. Approval & Appointment:

After Prime Minister’s approval, the President issues the warrant of appointment.

Appointment of Other Supreme Court Judges:

• Based on recommendations of the Collegium, consisting of the CJI and four senior-most SC judges.
• High Court Judges: Appointed on Collegium recommendations (CJI + two senior-most SC judges).
• Collegium System: Evolved through the Three Judges Cases (1981, 1993, 1998).

Concerns Related to the Collegium System:

• Lack of Transparency: Deliberations are confidential; reasons for appointments rarely disclosed.
• Accountability: No formal mechanism exists to review Collegium decisions.
• Limited Executive Role: Concentration of appointment power within the judiciary.

Judicial Reforms Attempt:

• 99th Constitutional Amendment & NJAC Act (2014): Sought to replace the Collegium with the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC).
• Supreme Court Verdict (2015, 4th Judge Case): NJAC struck down; Collegium system retained.

RBI Warns Geopolitical Tensions Could Affect Cross-Border Payment Flows

In its bi-annual Payment Systems Report, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) highlighted that geopolitical tensions, sanctions, and currency restrictions could disrupt smooth international financial transactions, impacting both trade and remittances.

About Cross-Border Payments:

1. Definition:

• Financial transactions where the payer and recipient are based in different countries.

2. Types:

• Wholesale Payments: Typically between financial institutions.
• Retail Payments: Usually between individuals or businesses, e.g., remittances, e-commerce payments.

3. Significance:

• Facilitates international trade, capital flows, and global mobility of people and services.
• Ensures financial integration in the global economy.

4. Status in India:

• India is the largest recipient of global remittances, receiving $137.7 billion in 2024.

Global Initiatives to Strengthen Cross-Border Payments:

• G20 Roadmap: Tackles challenges like high cost, slow processing, limited access, and lack of transparency.
• BIS Innovation Hub Projects: Includes Project Hertha, Project Rialto, Project Agora to innovate cross-border settlement infrastructure.
• Other Frameworks: Guidelines from Financial Stability Board (FSB) and Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructure (CPMI).

India-Specific Initiatives:

• Bilateral and Multilateral Collaborations: Linking India’s UPI with foreign Fast Payment Systems (FPSs).
• Examples: UPI-PayNow (Singapore) linkage, Project Nexus (multilateral initiative).
• Merchant Acceptance Abroad: QR code-based acceptance of UPI to facilitate international payments for businesses and individuals.

RBI Warns States Against Pre-Election Populist Spending

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has cautioned state governments about the risks of excessive pre-election spending, which can compromise macroeconomic stability and fiscal discipline.

Understanding Pre-Election Populist Spending:

• Definition: Expenditure by governments shortly before elections, primarily aimed at gaining voter support rather than addressing long-term economic or developmental needs.
• Forms of Spending: Subsidies, freebies, or cash transfers.
• Examples of DBT/welfare schemes: Ladki Bahin Yojana (Maharashtra), Mukhyamantri Mahila Rojgar Yojana (Bihar)
• Magnitude of Spending: ₹68,000 crore spent across 8 major state elections (2023–25) on populist welfare schemes, Bihar (2025): Disbursed 32.48% of tax revenue in schemes immediately before elections.

Impact on State Economies:

• Fiscal Stress: Higher fiscal deficits and increased government borrowing.
• Inflationary Pressure: Elevated spending boosts demand, leading to price rise.
• Debt Burden: Short-term freebies increase public debt, affecting future budgets. Example: Punjab’s debt projected to reach ₹3.74 lakh crore by 2024–25.
• Resource Misallocation: Funds diverted from essential development and long-term welfare programs.

Defence Acquisition Council Approves Rs 79,000 Crore Proposals

The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) has approved proposals worth around Rs 79,000 crore to strengthen the capabilities of the Indian Armed Forces.

Key Approvals:

Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) granted for:

• Nag Missile System Mk-II
• High Mobility Vehicles (HMVs) with Material Handling Crane
• Other major defence acquisition projects

About Defence Acquisition Council (DAC):

• Purpose: DAC serves as the overarching structure for strategic defence acquisition planning and oversight, ensuring coordinated decision-making across India’s defence establishment.
• Chairperson: Union Minister of Defence

Functions of DAC:

• Capital Acquisition Approval: Grants approval for acquisitions in Long Term Perspective Plan (LTPP).
• Project Monitoring: Tracks progress of major defence projects.
• Acceptance of Necessity (AoN): Grants AoN for acquisition proposals, a prerequisite for procurement.

India Re-elected as Vice-Chair for Asia-Pacific at International Anti-Doping Convention

• India has been re-elected as Vice-Chair of the Bureau for the Asia-Pacific region at the 10th session of the Conference of Parties (CoP) to the International Convention against Doping in Sport.
• Azerbaijan was elected as Chairperson.

About International Convention against Doping in Sport:

• Overview: A multilateral treaty under which member states commit to adopt measures at national and international levels to prevent and eliminate doping in sport.
• Genesis: Adopted by UNESCO in 2005, entered into force in 2007.
• Aim: Harmonize anti-doping legislation, regulations, and rules globally to ensure a level playing field in sports.
• Parties: 192 countries, including India.

India’s Outward Remittances for Education Fall Under LRS

India’s outward remittances for overseas education have dropped to an eight-year low, as per the Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS) data.

About Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS):

• Genesis: Introduced in 2004 to simplify and streamline foreign remittances by resident individuals.
• Eligibility: Available to all resident individuals, including minors.
• Remittance Limit: Up to USD 2,50,000 per financial year for any permissible current or capital account transactions, or a combination of both.
• Frequency: No restrictions on the number of remittances within the limit.
• Exclusions: Corporates, partnership firms, Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs), trusts, etc., are not eligible.

Indian Air Force Participates in Exercise Ocean Sky 2025

The Indian Air Force (IAF) is participating in Exercise Ocean Sky 2025 hosted by Spain, marking India’s first participation as a non-NATO country.

About Exercise Ocean Sky:

1. Overview:

• A multinational air exercise organized by the Spanish Air Force.

2. Aim:

• Enhance interoperability among participating air forces.
• Sharpen air combat skills and operational readiness.
• Foster mutual learning and experience sharing.

3. Significance:

• Strengthens India-Spain defence ties.
• Highlights India’s growing engagement in global military exercises beyond traditional alliances.

WTO Credits India’s DFTP Scheme for Boosting LDC Exports

The World Trade Organization (WTO) has acknowledged India’s Duty-Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) scheme for significantly contributing to the export growth of Least Developed Countries (LDCs).

About Duty-Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) Scheme:

1. Launch:

• Introduced in 2008 by India.

2. Objective:

• Provide duty-free or preferential tariff treatment for products imported from LDCs.
• Promote economic growth and development of LDCs.
• Diversify LDC exports and strengthen trade relations.

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