28 August 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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MoSPI Releases Comprehensive Modular Survey: Education (CMS:E), 2025

Why in News

The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), through the National Statistics Office (NSO), released findings from the Comprehensive Modular Survey: Education (CMS:E), 2025, conducted as part of the 80th round of the National Sample Survey (NSS). The survey focuses on expenditure patterns of households with students enrolled in school education.

Key Highlights of CMS:E

1. Role of Government Schools:

• Government schools account for 55.9% of total enrolments.
• Rural enrolment in government schools is 66%, compared to 30.1% in urban areas, highlighting the continued reliance on public education in rural India.

2. Education Expenditure:

• Average expenditure per student:
  - Rural India: ₹8,382
  - Urban India: ₹23,470
• Figures cover all levels of enrolment and types of schools, including private and government institutions.

3. Private Coaching:

• Nearly 27% of students are enrolled in private coaching during the academic year.
• Urban prevalence: 30.7%, Rural prevalence: 25.5%, indicating a higher dependence on supplemental education in cities.

4. Funding Sources:

• About 95% of students’ educational expenses were covered by other household members.
• Only 1.2% of students reported government scholarships as the primary funding source for school education.

About National Sample Survey (NSS)

1. Administered by:

• Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).

2. Purpose:

• Conducts large-scale sample surveys across India on diverse socio-economic indicators.

3. Major Surveys Include:

• Annual Survey of Industries (ASI)
• Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)
• Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES)

PM Inaugurates Green Mobility Initiatives in Hansalpur, Gujarat

Why in News

Prime Minister flagged off the “e VITARA”, Suzuki’s first Made-in-India global strategic Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), which is slated for export to over 100 countries. He also inaugurated the local production of hybrid battery electrodes at the TDS Lithium-Ion Battery plant, ensuring that over 80% of battery value is manufactured within India.

About Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)

• Definition: Vehicles powered entirely by a battery-driven electric drivetrain, charged via the electricity grid.
• Main Components: Electric motor, inverter, battery, control module, drivetrain, etc.
• Working Principle: DC power from the battery is converted to AC to drive the electric motor.

Challenges in EV Adoption

• Operational Limitations: Limited driving range and insufficient charging infrastructure.
• High Upfront Costs: Batteries constitute ~40% of total EV cost.
• Awareness Gap: Lack of knowledge about EV performance among public and private stakeholders.
• Environmental Concerns: Issues related to battery waste, reuse, and recycling.
• Grid Stress: Increased EV charging demands may strain existing electricity grids.

Steps Needed to Promote EVs

1. Finance:

• Decouple battery cost from vehicle price (e.g., battery leasing).
• Develop blended funds to reduce capital costs for e-trucks and e-buses.

2. Research & Development:

• Scale R&D on new battery technologies to achieve lower prices, higher energy density, and reduced import dependence on rare earth minerals.

3. Infrastructure:

• Strategically expand charging networks after feasibility assessments at different locations.

Green Mobility Initiatives in India

• National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020 – Accelerates adoption and production of EVs.
• PLI Scheme for Automobile & Auto Components (PLI-Auto) – Incentivises local EV production.
• PLI Scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Battery Storage – Boosts battery manufacturing.
• India Electric Mobility Index (IEMI) by NITI Aayog – Tracks and compares EV adoption and infrastructure development across States & Union Territories.

India Sets Up National Designated Authority (NDA) for Carbon Markets

Why in News

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) has announced the establishment of a National Designated Authority (NDA), a key step to enable India’s participation in carbon emissions trading under Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement (2015).

Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

• Purpose: Facilitates voluntary cooperation between countries to meet climate targets.
• International Compliance Carbon Markets: Enables countries to trade carbon credits earned through greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction initiatives.
• Article 6.4 - Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism (PACM): Allows transfer of carbon credits from emission reduction projects to help one or more countries achieve their climate goals.

About NDA (Designated National Authority)

1. Definition:

• Organization authorized by a Party (India) to approve and authorize participation in Article 6.4 projects.

2. Identified Activities/Projects:

• GHG Mitigation Activities: Renewable energy, green hydrogen, etc.
• Alternate Materials: Green ammonia.
• Removal Activities: Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS).

3. Composition:

• 21-member committee headed by the Secretary, Ministry of Environment.

4. Functions:

• Recommend eligible projects for emission reduction trading.
• Authorize projects under Article 6.4.

About Carbon Markets

• Definition: Trading systems where carbon credits are bought and sold.
• Carbon Credit Unit: 1 credit = 1 tonne of CO₂ (or equivalent GHG) reduced, sequestered, or avoided.
• Usage: Companies or individuals can offset their GHG emissions by purchasing credits from entities that reduce or remove emissions.

USA’s 25% Additional Tariff on Indian Exports Comes into Effect

Why in News

The United States has implemented an additional 25% tariff on Indian imports, adding to the previous 25% duty that impacted nearly two-thirds of India’s exports to the US by value. This development coincides with the India–USA 2+2 Intersessional Dialogue involving the Ministries of External Affairs and Defence, where both sides agreed to enhance defence cooperation through a new ten-year U.S.–India Major Defense Partnership Framework.

Impact of High Tariffs on India

1. Exports:

• Projected decline: Product exports to the US may fall to $49.6 billion in 2025-26, down from $87 billion in 2024-25 (GTRI estimates).

2. Most Affected Industries:

Low-margin and labour-intensive sectors such as:

• Gems and jewellery
• Textiles and apparel
• Shrimp
• Auto components

3. Loss of Competitiveness:

• Indian goods become more expensive, making them less competitive against exports from lower-duty countries like Vietnam, Bangladesh, and Mexico.

4. Foreign Investment Impact:

• Potential decline in FDI inflows in export-oriented sectors.
• Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) may cause volatility in equity and debt markets.

Way Forward / Policy Measures

1. Financial Support for Exporters:

• Reinstate the Interest Equalisation Scheme to provide low-cost credit for MSMEs during high interest periods.
• Introduce targeted credit lines for high-impact sectors like shrimp, apparel, jewellery, and handicrafts.

2. Export Incentives & Market Diversification:

• Enhance schemes such as RoDTEP and ROSCTL to improve liquidity.
• Accelerate sector-specific trade missions for market diversification.

3. Regulatory Measures:

• Simplify export processes.
• Rationalise duties on critical raw materials like cotton, leather, and gem inputs to reduce cost pressures.

Indian Navy Commissions Two Project 17A Stealth Frigates – INS Udaygiri and INS Himgiri

Why in News

The Indian Navy has inducted two multi-mission stealth frigates, INS Udaygiri and INS Himgiri, under Project 17A, enhancing its capability to protect fleets and respond to maritime threats.

About Project 17A

1. Heritage:

• Successor to the Shivalik-class (Project 17) frigates.

2. Indigenous Construction:

• Seven frigates are being built domestically by Mazagon Dock (Mumbai) and Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata.

3. Propulsion:

• Configured with Combined Diesel or Gas (CODOG) system, integrating a diesel engine and gas turbine for flexible and efficient operation.

4. Weapon Suite:

• Supersonic Surface-to-Surface Missile (SSM) system
• Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) system
• Rapid-fire gun systems

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