28 July 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Prime Minister’s Visit to Maldives: Strengthening Strategic Ties Amid Diplomatic Reset

Marking the 60th anniversary of diplomatic relations between India and the Maldives, the Prime Minister of India undertook a significant visit to the island nation. This is his first official visit since tensions emerged due to the politically driven “India Out” campaign, making it a vital step towards rebuilding trust and cooperation.

Key Outcomes of the Visit

1. Bilateral Agreements and Initiatives

• Line of Credit (LoC): A financial package worth ₹4,850 crores was extended to the Maldives to ease the burden of annual debt repayments on existing Indian-funded projects.
• Digital Cooperation: Agreement to enable UPI (Unified Payments Interface) in the Maldives to facilitate cross-border digital transactions.
• Trade Enhancement: Adoption of the Terms of Reference (ToR) for a proposed India-Maldives Free Trade Agreement (FTA).
• Sectoral MoUs: Six Memoranda of Understanding were exchanged in diverse areas such as:
  - Fisheries and aquaculture
  - Meteorology
  - Digital public infrastructure
  - UPI integration
  - Pharmaceutical standards (Indian Pharmacopoeia)

2. Inaugurations and Handover Projects

a. Infrastructure Support:

• Inauguration of 3,300 social housing units in Hulhumalé under India’s Buyer's Credit scheme.
• Launch of road and drainage projects in Addu City.

b. Health Diplomacy:

• Handover of two Aarogya Maitri Health Cubes (under the BHISHM initiative) to bolster emergency healthcare support.

Why Maldives Matters to India

1. Geopolitical Importance

• A central pillar of India’s ‘Neighborhood First’ policy and its broader Vision MAHASAGAR for the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).

2. Strategic Relevance

Geographically located near key maritime chokepoints, acting as a strategic "gatekeeper" between:

• Western IOR: Gulf of Aden, Strait of Hormuz
• Eastern IOR: Strait of Malacca

3. Geo-Economic Significance

The Maldives lies along critical Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs) through which:

• Nearly 50% of India’s external trade and
• Around 80% of its energy imports are routed.

4. Maritime Security and Counterterrorism

An active participant in the Colombo Security Conclave, the Maldives plays a vital role in:

• Counter-piracy operations
• Anti-terrorism cooperation
• Countering China’s 'String of Pearls' strategy in the Indian Ocean.

Government Crackdown on Obscene Content: 25 Websites Blocked

The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (I&B) has directed online intermediaries to block 25 websites found to be hosting obscene content. This action is rooted in the powers conferred under the Information Technology Act, 2000, and the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021.

Understanding the Term 'Obscenity'

• Obscenity is broadly understood as content that offends commonly accepted standards of morality and decency, often seen as degrading or offensive by societal norms.

Legal Framework Involved

The websites were found in contravention of multiple legal provisions, including:

• Section 67 and 67A of the IT Act, 2000 – dealing with the publication and transmission of obscene or sexually explicit material in electronic form.
• Section 294 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023 – addressing acts that are obscene in public places or through communication platforms.
• Section 4 of the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986 – which prohibits the portrayal of women in an indecent or derogatory manner in media.

Rationale Behind the Ban

• Constitutional Justification: Article 19(2) of the Indian Constitution permits the State to impose “reasonable restrictions” on freedom of speech and expression in the interest of “decency and morality.”
• Judicial Precedent: In the landmark case Ranjit D. Udeshi v. State of Maharashtra, the Supreme Court upheld a conviction for publishing obscene material, ruling that such content is not shielded by the right to free speech.
• Protection of Women and Children: Exposure to explicit material at a young age can distort perceptions of relationships, encourage the objectification of women, and reinforce harmful gender stereotypes, contributing to societal violence and inequality.
• Cultural and Ethical Considerations: Drawing from John Stuart Mill’s 'Harm Principle' (On Liberty, 1859), restricting access to obscenity is justified when such content causes harm to others or undermines the moral fabric of society.

Indian Railways Successfully Tests First Hydrogen-Powered Coach: A Step Towards Greener Mobility

In a landmark achievement under India’s clean energy transition, Indian Railways has successfully tested its first hydrogen-powered coach, developed at the Integral Coach Factory (ICF). This innovation is part of the broader “Hydrogen for Heritage” initiative (2023), which envisions deploying 35 hydrogen-fueled trains on heritage and hill routes to reduce carbon emissions and preserve scenic landscapes.

About the Hydrogen-Powered Coach

• The newly developed coach is powered by a 1,200 HP hydrogen propulsion system, touted as the most powerful of its kind in the global railway sector.
• This development contributes directly to the goals of the National Green Hydrogen Mission, aiming to position India as a global hub for green hydrogen technology and applications.

Why Hydrogen? Potential Benefits of the Fuel

• Zero Direct Emissions: Hydrogen fuel cell trains emit only water vapor, eliminating direct CO₂ emissions. Replacing a single diesel-powered train with hydrogen propulsion could reduce emissions equivalent to that of 400 passenger vehicles annually.
• High Energy Efficiency: Green hydrogen offers greater energy density than conventional batteries and is easier to store and transport in bulk, making it suitable for long-distance and heavy-duty transport like railways.

Key Challenges in Adopting Hydrogen Technology

1. Green Hydrogen Production Bottlenecks:

• A significant portion of India’s current hydrogen supply is derived from grey hydrogen (via steam methane reforming), which still emits CO₂. The absence of large-scale, proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser plants—needed to generate green hydrogen from renewable energy-remains a major hurdle.

2. Infrastructure Gaps:

• Lack of robust systems for hydrogen storage, transportation, and refueling.
• Inadequate auxiliary infrastructure to integrate hydrogen systems into the Indian Railways' network seamlessly.

3. Unclear Adoption Roadmap:

• There is currently no clear, long-term policy framework outlining the scale and scope of hydrogen use across the Indian Railways, creating uncertainty in demand and investment planning.

President’s Rule in Manipur Extended by Six Months

The Union Government has extended President’s Rule in Manipur for another six-month term, citing prevailing conditions that hinder the normal functioning of the state government.

Understanding President’s Rule under the Constitution of India

1. Constitutional Basis:

• President’s Rule is governed by Part XVIII (Emergency Provisions) of the Constitution, primarily under Article 356.

2. Grounds for Imposition

• Breakdown of Constitutional Machinery - Article 356: If the President is satisfied-based on a report from the Governor or otherwise—that the governance of a state cannot be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, President’s Rule may be imposed.
• Failure to Comply with Union Directions - Article 365: When a state government fails to adhere to directions issued by the Union Government on matters within its jurisdiction, the Centre may invoke Article 365, leading to the imposition of President’s Rule.

Duration and Extension

• Initially imposed for six months.
• Can be extended up to a maximum of three years, with Parliamentary approval required every six months.
• Extensions beyond one year require:
  - A national emergency in operation, or
  - The Election Commission certifying that elections cannot be held in the state.

Doklam to Open for Battlefield Tourism: Sikkim Expands Access Post-Standoff

In a notable move towards promoting battlefield tourism, the Sikkim government is preparing to open Doklam and Cho La—two historically significant Himalayan locations—for public visits, following the earlier opening of Nathu La. This comes eight years after the 2017 India-China military standoff that brought Doklam into the geopolitical spotlight.

About Doklam (Donglang Plateau)

• Elevation: Situated at approximately 13,780 feet above sea level in the eastern Himalayas.
• Geographical Importance: Lies at the tri-junction of India, Bhutan, and China, making it one of the most sensitive and strategic border zones in South Asia.

2017 Doklam Standoff: A Diplomatic Flashpoint

• The standoff occurred when India intervened to halt Chinese road construction in territory claimed by Bhutan.
• India acted in accordance with its obligations under the 2007 India–Bhutan Friendship Treaty, which includes mutual support on security concerns.
• The confrontation lasted for over two months and drew significant international attention.

Strategic Significance for India

• Protecting the Siliguri Corridor: Often referred to as the “Chicken’s Neck”, this narrow strip of land in West Bengal connects mainland India to its northeastern states. Doklam’s proximity makes it critical for India’s national security.
• Military Advantage: Control over the Doklam plateau offers India tactical oversight and defensive leverage in a region vulnerable to foreign incursions, especially given the increasing assertiveness of China along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
• Regional Influence: India's presence in the area reinforces its strategic partnership with Bhutan and helps ensure the sovereignty of smaller neighboring states in the face of aggressive territorial claims.

Iran and the E3: Snapback Sanctions and Nuclear Diplomacy

Amid stalled negotiations on the U.S.-Iran nuclear deal, the E3 countries-comprising the United Kingdom, France, and Germany—have recently warned Iran of potential snapback sanctions for failing to comply with its nuclear obligations under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), 2015.

What Are Snapback Sanctions?

These are provisions under the JCPOA that allow for the automatic re-imposition of UN sanctions on Iran if it is found to be in violation of its nuclear commitments, even without the consensus of the UN Security Council.

About the E3 Group

• Composition: United Kingdom, France, and Germany
• Nature: An informal diplomatic and security alliance focusing primarily on global security, nuclear non-proliferation, and foreign policy coordination.
• Origins: First convened in 2003, in the aftermath of the U.S. invasion of Iraq, to coordinate a collective European stance on Middle Eastern issues—particularly concerning Iran’s nuclear program.

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