28 October 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Strengthening Governance through Blockchain Technology

Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative tool for good governance in India — enhancing transparency, efficiency, and trust in public systems.

About Blockchain Technology:

1. Definition:

• A distributed, transparent, secure, and immutable digital ledger that records transactions across a network of computers.

2. Features:

• Decentralized: No single point of control.
• Immutable: Records cannot be altered once added.
• Transparent & Secure: Ensures accountability and tamper-resistance.

Applications of Blockchain in Governance:

Government Initiatives Promoting Blockchain Technology:

1. National Blockchain Framework (NBF), 2024

Core components:

• Vishvasya Blockchain Stack
• NBFLite
• Praamaanik (App Verification)
• National Blockchain Portal

2. National Strategy on Blockchain

• developed by MeitY.

3. Centre of Excellence (CoE) in Blockchain Technology

• established by NIC.

Significance:

• Enhances transparency and accountability in governance.
• Reduces corruption, duplication, and delays in administrative processes.
• Strengthens digital trust and data integrity across sectors.

Supreme Court Observes Interlink between Freedom of Religion and Right to Privacy

In Rajendra Bihari Lal vs. State of Uttar Pradesh & Others, the Supreme Court of India observed that the Right to Privacy is an essential part of the Freedom of Religion, reinforcing the constitutional balance between personal liberty and state regulation of religious practices.

Key Observations of the Supreme Court:

1. Link between Privacy and Freedom of Religion

• The Court noted that Article 25 encompasses a dimension of privacy, as it includes both the freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion.
• Freedom to choose or not to choose a faith falls within this protected privacy sphere.
• Any requirement for public disclosure or publication of one’s faith violates the Right to Privacy under Articles 21 and 25.
• The Court emphasized that anti-conversion laws enacted by several states must withstand the constitutional test of privacy.

2. On Secularism

• The bench reaffirmed that secularism, enshrined in the Preamble, is an integral part of the basic structure of the Constitution.
• It ensures that the State maintains neutrality toward all religions and upholds individual autonomy in matters of belief.

Key Judicial Precedents Cited:

Significance of the Ruling:

• Reinforces the intersection of personal autonomy, religious freedom, and privacy.
• Places constitutional limits on state interference in matters of individual belief and conversion.
• Reaffirms India’s secular ethos and protection of conscience as foundational principles of democracy.

Weakening of Multilateralism

Experts have cautioned that the decline of multilateralism comes at a time when the global community most urgently requires coordinated international action to address transnational challenges such as climate change, conflict, and digital governance.

Understanding Multilateralism

• Definition: Multilateralism refers to coordinated action among three or more states or actors to tackle shared global issues that cannot be managed effectively by any single nation.
• Objective: To promote collective decision-making, ensure inclusivity, and uphold rules-based international cooperation.

Causes of Erosion of Multilateralism

1. Declining Effectiveness of Global Institutions

• World Trade Organization (WTO): The U.S. blockade of Appellate Body appointments has weakened the global trade dispute mechanism, delaying enforcement and resolution.
• United Nations (UN): Inability to resolve major global conflicts, such as the Russia–Ukraine war, reflects institutional paralysis.

2. Withdrawal from Global Frameworks

• Several countries have withdrawn or reduced participation in international forums.
• Example: The U.S. withdrawal from the UN Human Rights Council and UNESCO has eroded the legitimacy of multilateral systems.

3. Rise of Minilateral and Regional Alliances

• Due to slow consensus-building in multilateral institutions, countries are increasingly forming minilateral groupings focused on targeted cooperation.
• Examples: BRICS, Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD), and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP).

4. Other Factors

• Unilateral economic sanctions and protectionist trade measures undermine the principles of global cooperation.
• Growing nationalism and strategic competition have further fragmented the international order.

Kafala System Abolished by Saudi Arabia

• Saudi Arabia has formally abolished the Kafala (Sponsorship) System, marking a significant reform in its labour governance framework.
• The move is expected to benefit around 13 million foreign workers, including over 2.6 million Indians.

About the Kafala System

1. Meaning:

• The Kafala system (Arabic for “sponsorship”) is a labour management framework used in many Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries.
• Under it, each migrant worker’s legal status in the host country was tied to an individual employer (kafeel) who sponsored their visa and residency.

2. Key Features:

• Employers controlled the worker’s legal status, mobility, and employment terms.
• Workers required employer permission to change jobs, leave the country, or seek legal help.
• The sponsor could revoke employment or residency at will, leading to loss of legal status.

Concerns and Criticisms

1. Human Rights Violations:

The system was often labeled a form of modern-day slavery, as it enabled exploitation, forced labour, and abuse of migrant workers.

2. Passport Seizure & Restricted Mobility:

Employers frequently confiscated passports, limited movement, and denied access to justice.

3. Lack of Legal Protection:

Migrant workers had no independent legal recourse without employer consent.

Significance of Abolition

• Improved Labour Rights: Migrant workers can now change jobs, travel, and access legal systems without employer permission.
• Boost to India–Gulf Relations: Greater safety and welfare for Indian expatriates in Saudi Arabia.
• Alignment with Global Standards: Reflects Saudi Arabia’s effort to modernize its economy and improve human rights compliance under Vision 2030 reforms.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

The Maldives has become the first country to successfully eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B — all of which are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

About the Diseases

1. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

• Nature: A virus that attacks and weakens the immune system by destroying CD4 (white blood) cells.
• Outcome: If untreated, it progresses to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections.
• Transmission: Through unprotected sex, blood transfusions, shared needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

2. Syphilis

• Causative Agent: Treponema pallidum (bacterium).
• Nature: A sexually transmitted bacterial infection that progresses in stages—primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary—if left untreated.
• Effect: Can cause neurological, cardiovascular, and reproductive complications, and congenital syphilis in infants.

3. Hepatitis B

• Causative Agent: Hepatitis B virus (HBV).
• Nature: A viral infection that primarily affects the liver, causing both acute and chronic disease.
• Transmission: Through infected blood, body fluids, unprotected sexual contact, and from mother to child during birth.
• Prevention: Safe vaccination and screening of pregnant women play a crucial role in eliminating transmission.

Kunar River

Afghanistan has announced plans to construct a dam on the Kunar River, which could potentially obstruct water flow into Pakistan, escalating transboundary water tensions.

About the Kunar River

1. Geographical Significance:

• The Kunar River is a major tributary of the Kabul River, which later joins the Indus River in Pakistan — making it part of the larger Indus River Basin shared between India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.

2. Origin:

• It originates from the glaciated Hindu Kush Mountains near Chitral, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan).

3. Course:

• Flows from Pakistan into northeastern Afghanistan.
• Merges with the Kabul River near Jalalabad (Afghanistan).
• The combined river then re-enters Pakistan, flowing into the Indus River.

4. Major Tributaries:

• Bashgal (Landai Sind), Pech River

Strategic & Geopolitical Importance

• The Kunar–Kabul–Indus system is vital for irrigation, hydropower, and agriculture in eastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan.
• The proposed Afghan dam could impact downstream water availability in Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region.
• Reflects broader Afghanistan–Pakistan water-sharing challenges, as no formal bilateral water treaty exists between the two nations.

SWAMIH Fund (Special Window for Affordable and Mid-Income Housing Fund)

RBI has exempted the SWAMIH Fund from its tightened rules on Alternate Investment Funds (AIFs).

• Launched: 2019
• Type: Category II Alternate Investment Fund (AIF)
• Regulator: SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India)
• Fund Manager: SBICAP Ventures Limited (a subsidiary of SBI Capital Markets Ltd)
• Objective: Provide priority debt financing for completion of stalled, RERA-registered, affordable and mid-income housing projects.
• Significance:Revives delayed housing projects and protects homebuyers’ interests, Supports real estate sector liquidity and employment generation, Aligned with Government’s Aatmanirbhar Bharat and Housing for All vision.
• Recent Update (2025): RBI exempted it from new restrictions on AIFs, recognizing its public-purpose nature as a government-backed fund.

Mahe Water Craft

The first of eight Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Crafts (ASW SWC), named ‘Mahe’, has been delivered to the Indian Navy.

About Mahe

• Built by: Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL), Kochi.
• Named after: The historic port town Mahe, located in the Union Territory of Puducherry.
• Class: Part of the ASW Shallow Water Craft (SWC) series.

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