29 July 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 29 July 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams. 

India and Nepal Finalize Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA) Agreement in Criminal Matters

India and Nepal have officially concluded negotiations on a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) in criminal matters-an important milestone in strengthening bilateral cooperation on security and law enforcement.

At the same time, both nations have agreed to expedite the revision of their 1953 Extradition Treaty, which has long been considered outdated and inadequate for addressing contemporary transnational crimes.

Understanding Extradition

• Definition: Extradition refers to the formal surrender of an individual by one state to another to face prosecution or serve a sentence for crimes committed under the laws of the requesting country.
• Nodal Authority in India: The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) oversees extradition processes.

About the India–Nepal MLA Agreement

• Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA): Refers to formal cooperation between countries in gathering evidence, sharing intelligence, and aiding investigations and prosecutions in criminal cases.
• India’s Global MLA Network: India has signed similar agreements with 42 countries, including the United States (2005) and Israel (2015).
• Nodal Authority in India: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is responsible for processing MLA requests.

Benefits of the MLA Agreement

• Establishes a formal legal framework for cooperation in criminal cases.
• Ensures a standardized process for sharing evidence, documents, and intelligence between law enforcement agencies.
• Enables faster investigations, improved coordination, and more efficient prosecution of cross-border criminal activities.

Challenges Prior to the MLA Treaty

• Open Border Vulnerabilities: The 1,751-km open border between India and Nepal has been exploited by terrorist and criminal groups, including operatives of the Indian Mujahideen, who used Nepal as a transit point or safe corridor to third countries.
• Safe Haven for Criminals: Nepal, until now, was the only neighboring country—apart from Bhutan—without an MLA agreement with India. The lack of formal legal cooperation made it an attractive refuge for fugitives, including those involved in counterfeit currency rackets.
• Uncertainty in Reciprocity: In the absence of a binding agreement, cooperation was often informal and based on goodwill, with no legal guarantee of mutual assistance or timely responses to criminal investigations.

Way Forward

• The finalization of the MLA Agreement and the upcoming revision of the Extradition Treaty will bolster bilateral law enforcement mechanisms.
• These agreements mark a significant step toward regional security cooperation, especially in tackling cross-border crime, terrorism, and organized criminal networks.

Uttarakhand Launches First-Ever Tourist Carrying Capacity Study in Nainital District

For the first time, the Uttarakhand government has initiated a systematic assessment of Tourist Carrying Capacity in the ecologically sensitive Nainital district. This move comes as part of a broader strategy to develop a long-term sustainable tourism framework aimed at reducing environmental stress and managing unchecked tourist inflow, vehicular congestion, and growing population pressure.

The initiative follows a September 2024 directive by the National Green Tribunal (NGT), which instructed the state to categorize Nainital based on its environmental sensitivity and capacity to sustain tourism without degrading its natural ecosystem.

What Is Tourist Carrying Capacity?

Tourist Carrying Capacity refers to the maximum number of people an area can accommodate without causing environmental degradation or overexploitation of local resources. This limit is shaped by both:

• Biotic factors: Vegetation cover, water availability, and biodiversity
• Abiotic factors: Terrain, altitude, soil structure, and climatic conditions

Approaches to Measuring Carrying Capacity

1. Planetary Boundaries Framework

• Focuses on setting environmental limits to prevent irreversible ecological damage.
• Relevant for global crises like climate change, land degradation, water scarcity, and pollution.

2. Biocapacity and Overshoot Analysis

• A sustainability metric that evaluates the annual demand humans place on ecosystems relative to their ability to regenerate.
• Notable example: Earth Overshoot Day, marking when human demand exceeds Earth’s capacity to renew resources within a year.

Importance in Sustainable Planning

Assessing carrying capacity serves as a tool for balancing ecological integrity with developmental goals. It aligns with the precautionary principle, which emphasizes:

• Proactive measures in the face of environmental uncertainty
• Shifting the burden of proof onto developers or project proponents
• Considering less harmful alternatives before undertaking large-scale activities
• Enhancing community participation in environmental decision-making

The Road Ahead for Nainital and Hill Towns

1. This study marks a significant step toward evidence-based governance in fragile mountain ecosystems. It is expected to:

• Guide tourism policies by setting thresholds for visitor inflow
• Inform infrastructure planning by assessing ecological limits
• Promote a shift from mass tourism to responsible and regulated tourism

2. Such measures are critical to preserving the ecological balance, ensuring the well-being of local communities, and safeguarding natural resources for future generations.

Global Study Maps High-Risk Zones for Future Zoonotic Disease Outbreaks

In a first-of-its-kind effort, researchers have conducted a comprehensive global assessment of zoonotic diseases - illnesses transmitted between animals and humans - as identified in the World Health Organization’s priority list, excluding COVID-19. The study covers threats such as Ebola, Nipah, and other emerging pathogens.

Understanding Zoonotic Diseases

• Zoonoses are infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that can jump from animals to humans. These transmissions typically occur through direct contact, contaminated food or water, or environmental exposure.

Key Global Insights from the Study

1. Around 9.3% of the Earth’s land surface falls under high (6.3%) or very high (3%) risk categories for zoonotic disease emergence.

2. Geographic Hotspots:

• Latin America and Oceania lead with 18.6% of land area at elevated risk.
• Asia (6.9%) and Africa (5.2%) also show significant vulnerability.

3. Population Exposure:

• Approximately 3% of the global population lives in the highest-risk areas.
• Another 20% resides in regions with moderate risk of zoonotic spillovers.

Key Risk Factors and Drivers

1. Climate-Related Factors

• Warmer temperatures and increased rainfall - up to a critical limit - amplify the likelihood of disease outbreaks.
• Drought conditions and water scarcity force animals to congregate near remaining resources, increasing contact with humans and cross-species transmission.

2. Land Use and Environmental Changes

• High livestock concentration near human dwellings raises the potential for disease transmission due to greater infectious pressure.
• Rapid land conversion and encroachment into forested areas elevate the frequency of human-wildlife interactions, a known risk factor.

3. Demographic Pressure

• High population density, especially in rapidly growing urban zones with inadequate health services, significantly increases outbreak probability.

Recommendations for Risk Reduction and Resilience

To mitigate the rising threat of zoonotic diseases, the study proposes the following multi-pronged strategies:

• Climate Adaptation: Implement policies to manage climate-related vulnerabilities affecting ecosystems and wildlife.
• Sustainable Land-Use: Adopt conservation-minded development that limits habitat disruption.
• Urban Planning Reform: Design cities to reduce congestion and improve sanitation and healthcare access.
• Health Infrastructure Strengthening: Focus on enhancing zoonosis surveillance, early warning systems, and response capabilities in high-risk zones.
• Technology-Driven Monitoring: Leverage machine learning models to detect early risk signals and target preventive measures efficiently.
• Integrated ‘One Health’ Approach: Foster collaboration across public health, veterinary, environmental, and agricultural sectors to build a holistic disease preparedness framework.

Indian Army Bolsters Operational Readiness with New-Gen Combat Units and IBG Doctrine

In response to evolving security challenges, particularly the growing two-front threat from China and Pakistan - highlighted during Operation Sindoor - the Indian Army is undergoing a significant transformation. It is integrating advanced combat units and fast-tracking the Integrated Battle Group (IBG) doctrine to enhance strategic agility and offensive power along India's borders.

Key Structural Reforms in Combat Capabilities

1. To operationalize a more agile and tech-driven force, the Army is raising two new specialized formations:

• ‘Rudra’ All-Arms Brigades: These are integrated combat units combining infantry, mechanised infantry, armour, artillery, drones (UAVs), and special forces. They are designed for rapid, terrain-specific operations.
• ‘Bhairav’ Light Commando Battalions: Derived from regular infantry, these commando units are tailored for high-mobility, high-speed missions, and equipped with lightweight weaponry, surveillance tools, and modern drones for tactical flexibility.

2. Additional reforms include:

• Establishing ‘Shaktibaan’ artillery regiments equipped with ‘Divyadrishti’ batteries for loitering munitions and advanced surveillance.
• Integrating dedicated drone platoons across all infantry battalions, acknowledging the rising impact of drone warfare in modern battlefields.

Integrated Battle Groups (IBGs): Concept and Strategy

The IBG model reflects a long-awaited shift in military structuring, drawing from lessons of past operations and future conflict scenarios.

1. What are IBGs?

• Modular, agile, and tech-enabled formations, each designed for specific operational objectives based on threat assessment, terrain complexity, and assigned mission.
• Each IBG will typically comprise around 5,000 troops, and function as a self-sufficient, high-readiness unit.

2. Doctrinal Roots

• The concept stems from the Cold Start Doctrine - a proactive military strategy formulated after Operation Parakram (2001-02), aimed at enabling swift, limited, and focused offensives, especially against Pakistan.

Operational Philosophy of IBGs

1. IBGs are designed to achieve fourfold dominance: Time, Space, Force, and Information.

• Pre-emption: Strike first to seize initiative.
• Dislocation: Target vulnerabilities to disrupt enemy posture.
• Disintegration: Break enemy coherence by disabling command-and-control systems.

2. Their core strength lies in integration and speed, enabling them to quickly deploy, engage, and dominate in complex, high-tempo environments.

Way Forward: Technology and Modernization

• The future success of IBGs depends on synergy between human leadership and technological tools. From AI-supported decision-making to autonomous surveillance and attack drones, the Indian Army is investing in a network-centric warfare framework that aligns with the IBG model.
• This restructured combat strategy marks a critical evolution in India’s military posture - shifting from traditional static formations to fluid, tech-empowered strike groups capable of responding decisively in an increasingly unpredictable threat landscape.

Exercise Bold Kurukshetra 2025: Strengthening India-Singapore Defence Cooperation

The 14th edition of the India–Singapore joint military exercise, Exercise Bold Kurukshetra, commenced on July 27, 2025. This iteration of the bilateral drill continues the long-standing strategic defence collaboration between the two nations.

Key Features of Bold Kurukshetra 2025

• Format: Conducted as a Tabletop Exercise (TTX) and Computer-Based Wargame (CBWG).
• Objective: To validate and refine operational protocols related to mechanised warfare, enhancing joint planning, interoperability, and tactical coordination.
• Participants: Mechanised units of both armed forces participate, with a focus on simulated battlefield scenarios and decision-making exercises under combat-like conditions.

All Set with 29 July Current Affairs? Let’s Quiz!

Ready to put your knowledge to the test? Take our daily quiz now and reinforce what you learned!

29 July 2025 Current Affair Quiz

Why is 29 July 2025 Current Affairs Important for You?

• Essential for Exams: The Current Affairs of 29 July 2025 cover topics that are often asked in competitive exams.
• Boosts Your Knowledge: Helps you stay informed about the latest events and updates.
• Improves Accuracy: Daily practice with Current Affairs of 29 July 2025 improves your speed and accuracy in exams.
• Quick Revision: Acts as a daily revision tool for upcoming exams.
• Saves Time: You don’t need to search multiple sources; everything is here in one place!
• Helps in Interviews: Being updated with Current Affairs of 29 July 2025 gives you confidence for personal interviews and group discussions.

How to Use 29 July 2025 Current Affairs for Exam Preparation? 

• Read Properly: Go through the 29 July 2025 Current Affairs to stay updated.
• Make Notes: Summarize key points and important updates in your own words.
• Link with Syllabus: Identify topics relevant to your exam and connect them with your syllabus.
• Practice Daily Quizzes: Test your knowledge by taking daily quizzes based on 29 July 2025 Current Affairs.
• Revise Often: Review the updates multiple times to boost your recall and confidence.
• Discuss with Peers: Join discussions and share insights to deepen your understanding.

Get Daily Updates and Stay Ahead!

Law Prep Tutorial is committed to giving you the best daily current affairs updates to help you excel in various exams. Our platform is trusted by thousands of toppers for timely, accurate, and concise updates that matter most for your exams. Explore our dedicated sections below: