29 November 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 29 November 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

Supreme Court on Need to Regulate Abusive Online Content

Why the Supreme Court Intervened

The Court emphasised that the current regulatory framework is inadequate to handle the speed, scale, and impact of harmful online content. It stressed the need for a stronger mechanism ensuring accountability, verification, and oversight of user-generated content across digital platforms.

Key Concerns Raised by the Supreme Court

1. Virality & Velocity

• Harmful posts spread within seconds, making takedown mechanisms ineffective.
• Damage to reputation, security, and public order often occurs before action is taken.

2. Adult Content Access

• One-line disclaimers (“18+ content”) are insufficient.
• Minors can still easily access explicit material.

3. Unregulated UGC Channels

• Individuals run channels without editorial checks, enabling spread of unverified, inflammatory, or sensational content.

4. Misinformation & Social Harm

• While dissent is protected, misinformation can incite hatred, distort public understanding, or trigger social unrest.

Supreme Court’s Directions & Proposals

1. Fresh Comprehensive Guidelines

• Centre asked to draft new rules for: User-generated content, OTT platforms, Online news, Curated digital content
• Must include public consultation.

2. Autonomous Regulator

• Creation of a neutral, independent authority to regulate digital content.
• Intended to strengthen or replace current self-regulatory models.

3. Expert Committee

• To include domain experts and individuals with judicial experience.
• Tasked with studying content regulation challenges and recommending reforms.

4. Stronger Age Verification

• Suggests Aadhaar or PAN-based age verification to access adult or explicit content.
• Moves beyond ineffective disclaimer systems.

Existing Legal Mechanisms

1. IT Act, 2000 & IT Rules 2021

Require intermediaries to: Appoint grievance officers.

• Remove unlawful content in a time-bound manner.
• Follow due-diligence norms.

2. 2025 Draft Rules for AI-Generated Content

Propose:

• Mandatory labelling of AI-generated content.
• Verification by intermediaries before upload.

3. Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023

• Criminalises: Defamation, Obscenity, Sedition-like acts, Incitement to violence

4. Existing Self-Regulatory Codes

• OTT platforms and broadcasters have internal rating systems, parental controls, and moderation policies.

5. Judicial Remedies:

• Victims may seek Injunctions, Damages, Criminal action after harm has already occurred

IMF Gives India a 'C' Grade for National Accounts & Inflation Statistics

Why in News

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has assigned India a ‘C’ rating, its second-lowest score, for the quality of National Accounts Statistics (NAS) and inflation data. This rating indicates notable shortcomings that hinder effective economic surveillance and policy assessment.

IMF’s Grading Framework

• A: Data fully sufficient for surveillance
• B: Minor issues but still broadly adequate
• C: Noticeable shortcomings that hinder surveillance
• D: Serious deficiencies significantly obstructing surveillance

India has been placed in Category C.

Key Concerns Identified by the IMF

1. Outdated Base Year for GDP

• Current base year 2011–12 no longer reflects modern consumption patterns, production technologies, or structural shifts.
• Leads to possible overestimation or underestimation of true economic activity.

2. Need for Better Data Sources

• Reliance on outdated datasets weakens accuracy.
• IMF stresses integrating updated surveys such as: Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)
• These can better represent the changing labour market and consumption behaviour.

3. Absence of Seasonal Adjustment

• Quarterly national accounts lack seasonal adjustment, making it difficult to interpret short-term fluctuations like festival spikes or monsoon-related dips.

4. Outdated Statistical Techniques

• Methodologies used in compiling quarterly estimates require modernisation to align with global standards.

5. Inadequate Producer Price Data

• India lacks a comprehensive Producer Price Index (PPI).
• Continued dependence on WPI (single deflator) to adjust output can create cyclical distortions in price and volume estimates.

6. Outdated CPI Basket and Base

• CPI components, weights, and base year (2011–12) no longer reflect today’s consumption trends—especially digital services, new food habits, and lifestyle changes.

IMF’s Recommendations

• Conduct regular benchmark revisions of national accounts, inflation indicators, and other macroeconomic datasets.
• Adopt international best practices for compilation, methodology, and frequency of updates.
• Strengthen integration of administrative data, new surveys, and digital records to improve reliability.

Key Statistical Indicators Explained

• Gross Domestic Product: Value of all final goods and services produced within a country in one year.
• Gross Value Added: Output minus intermediate consumption; measures the value created by producers.
• Wholesale Price Index: Tracks price changes at the wholesale level; mainly goods, excludes most services.
• Consumer Price Index: Measures inflation faced by households, covering both goods and services.
• Producer Price Index: Reflects price changes received by domestic producers at the factory gate; widely used globally but absent in India.

PM Signals Move to Allow Private Participation in India’s Civil Nuclear Sector

Why in News

The Prime Minister has indicated that India is preparing to open its civil nuclear energy sector to private companies—similar to the recent liberalisation seen in the space sector. This could mark a major structural shift in India’s atomic energy regime.

Potential Benefits of Allowing Private Sector Entry

• Higher Investment Flow: Mobilises substantial private capital into nuclear power development.
• Faster Deployment of SMRs: Accelerates innovation and rollout of Small Modular Reactors, which require lower upfront costs and shorter construction time.
• Energy Security Boost: Enhances grid stability and supports India’s clean-energy transition.
• Strengthened Manufacturing Base: Encourages localisation of components and advanced nuclear technologies.

Current Structure of India’s Civil Nuclear Sector

1. Exclusive Government Control

• The sector is fully governed by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).
• Reactor operation is monopolised by NPCIL, which runs all 24 reactors with a combined capacity of 8.8 GW, just 2% of India’s power generation.

2. National Targets

• 22 GW by 2032
• 100 GW by 2047—critical for meeting climate and energy-security goals.

3. Legal Framework

Atomic Energy Act, 1962

• Concentrates ownership, control, and operation of nuclear facilities exclusively with the Central Government.
• Prohibits private or even state-government participation in nuclear energy generation.

4. Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA), 2010

• Establishes compensation rules for nuclear accidents.
• Operator liability: Up to ₹1,500 crore.
• Key instrument governing victim compensation, supplier responsibility, and insurance.

Challenges in Enabling Private Sector Participation

1. Safety, Regulation & Liability

• CLNDA places heavy liability on suppliers, discouraging private R&D, supply chain creation, and foreign partnerships.
• Nuclear safety demands stringent, transparent, and well-resourced oversight.

2. National Security Imperatives

Greater private involvement requires robust systems for:

• Nuclear material tracking
• Protection of sensitive technology
• Compliance with international safeguards

3. Long Gestation Periods

• Nuclear plants take 7–10 years to build.
• Private investors may hesitate without risk-sharing, stable tariffs, or sovereign guarantees.

4. Fuel Resource Constraints

• India’s uranium reserves are limited.
• Dependence on imported fuel—under international agreements—could affect private sector viability.

Indian Army’s Three Phase Plan

Context:

Chief of Army Staff unveiled a long-term roadmap to transform the Army into an integrated, technologically advanced force by 2047.

Guiding Principles (4 Springboards)

• Atmanirbharta (Self-Reliance)
• Anusandhan (Innovation)
• Anukulan (Adaptation)
• Ekikaran (Integration)

Three-Phase Transformation Plan

1. Phase 1: Till 2032 — Decade of Transformation

• Focus on rapid capability enhancement, modernization of equipment, restructuring of forces, and boosting readiness.
• Aim: Build a modern, agile, combat-credible Army capable of handling evolving threats.

2. Phase 2: 2032–2037 — Consolidation

• Consolidate and integrate gains from Phase 1.
• Strengthen organisational reforms, technological adoption, and operational doctrines.
• Ensure seamless synergy across services and commands.

3. Phase 3: 2037–2047 — Fully Integrated Future Force

• Achieve a technologically superior, network-centric, and fully integrated military.
• Prepared for next-generation warfare, including AI-enabled operations, unmanned systems, and multi-domain battles.

Vikram-1

Context:

Prime Minister unveiled Vikram-1, India’s new private orbital-class launch vehicle.

About Vikram-1

1. Developer:

• Skyroot Aerospace, Hyderabad-based private space startup.

2. Role:

• Launching satellites into Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO); ideal for small satellites & rideshare missions.

3. Payload Capacity:

• 350 kg to LEO
• 260 kg to SSO

4. Propulsion:

4-stage rocket

• Stages 1–3: Solid-fuel boosters
• Stage 4: Liquid-propellant “Raman” engine for precise orbital insertion

5. Design & Technology:

• All-carbon-fibre structure
• Uses 3D-printed engines for reduced weight and enhanced efficiency

Moh Juj — Assam’s Traditional Buffalo Fight

Context:

Assam Legislative Assembly passed the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Assam Amendment) Bill, 2025, allowing the traditional sport Moh-Juj under regulated conditions.

About Moh Juj

Meaning:

• Moh = Buffalo
• Juj = Fight → Together meaning “buffalo fight.”

Nature of the Event:

• Traditional buffalo fights conducted in specific regions of Assam.

Cultural Significance:

• Integral part of Magh Bihu / Bhogali Bihu celebrations.
• Associated with harvest festivals, community gatherings, and rural traditions.

Significance of the Amendment

• Aims to preserve cultural tradition while ensuring animal welfare regulations.
• Similar approach to amendments allowing Jallikattu (TN) and Kambala (Karnataka).

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