3 December 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 3 December 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

 

Supreme Court Orders CBI Probe into Rising ‘Digital Arrest’ Scams

Why in News?

The Supreme Court of India has directed the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) to conduct a nationwide investigation into the growing cases of digital arrest scams, which have caused significant financial losses to citizens.

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Key Directions Issued by the Supreme Court

1. Expanded CBI Investigation Powers

CBI granted complete autonomy to examine the involvement of bank officials under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, especially where fraudulent accounts were opened to facilitate scams.

2. Consent from States for Pan-India Probe

States such as Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, and Haryana were asked to grant consent under Section 6 of the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act to allow CBI to investigate across their jurisdictions.

3. RBI’s Role in Strengthening Detection

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was impleaded and asked to assist the Court by explaining the AI and machine-learning tools used to detect suspicious or fraudulent banking activity.

4. Support from Technology Service Providers

IT service providers were directed to fully cooperate with investigative agencies during the probe.

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Understanding Digital Arrest

1. What Is Digital Arrest?

• A type of online extortion scam where fraudsters pose as officials from agencies like the CBI, Police, or Enforcement Directorate.
• Victims are falsely accused via phone or video calls of involvement in criminal acts and coerced into paying money to “clear their name”.

2. Scale of the Problem

• Indians collectively lost more than ₹120 crore to digital arrest scams in the first quarter of 2024.

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Government Initiatives to Counter Digital Arrest Scams

1. Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)

Set up by the Ministry of Home Affairs as a nodal body to address a wide range of cybercrimes across India.

2. Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC)

Functions under I4C and includes representatives from major banks, payment aggregators, telecom companies, and financial intermediaries to jointly respond to cyber fraud.

3. Samanvaya Platform (Joint MIS)

A digital system providing analytics on interstate cybercrime linkages, helping states and UTs track organised cybercriminal networks.

4. ‘Report and Check Suspect’ Feature

Available on cybercrime.gov.in, allowing citizens to verify details against I4C’s repository of known cybercrime identifiers before engaging in suspicious interactions.

 

RBI Unveils National Strategy for Financial Inclusion (NSFI) 2025–30

Why in News?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has released the National Strategy for Financial Inclusion (NSFI) 2025–30, approved by the Sub-Committee of the Financial Stability and Development Council. The strategy aims to deepen last-mile access and strengthen the effective use of financial services across India.

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About NSFI 2025–30

Overview

• The strategy defines five key pillars, known as Panch-Jyoti, guiding India’s financial inclusion roadmap for the next five years.
• It includes 47 actionable steps to support these goals.

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The Five Panch-Jyoti Priorities

1. Access to Equitable and Affordable Financial Services

• Focus on improving the availability of inclusive, suitable and affordable financial products.
• Ensures financial safety and security for households and micro-enterprises.

2. Gender-Sensitive and Vulnerability-Based Inclusion

• Adopts women-centric financial inclusion strategies.
• Introduces tailored measures to strengthen the financial resilience of underserved and vulnerable households.

3. Linking Livelihoods, Skills and Financial Inclusion

• Enhances synergy between livelihood programmes, skill development, and the broader financial ecosystem.
• Aims to improve income generation and long-term financial stability.

4. Financial Education for Behavioural Change

• Promotes financial literacy as a tool to encourage better money management and responsible financial behaviour.

5. Stronger Customer Protection and Grievance Redressal

• Prioritizes quality consumer protection, ensuring transparent processes.
• Strengthens mechanisms for timely grievance resolution.

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Financial Inclusion: Progress in India

1. Definition

• According to the World Bank, Financial Inclusion means ensuring individuals and businesses have affordable, useful, and responsible access to financial products and services.

2. Growth Indicators

• India’s RBI Financial Inclusion Index reached 67 in 2025, marking a 24.3% increase since 2021.
• The FI-Index evaluates inclusion across sectors such as banking, investments, insurance, and pensions.

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Major Government Initiatives Supporting Financial Inclusion

1. National Strategy for Financial Inclusion (2019–24)

• Earlier roadmap that laid the foundation for universal financial access.

2. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) – 2014

• Enabled the opening of over 56 crore bank accounts, expanding the banking network to underserved areas.

3. Digital India Programme

• Strengthened digital infrastructure and widened access to digital payments and online banking.

4. JAM Trinity (Jan Dhan–Aadhaar–Mobile)

• Built robust digital public goods infrastructure.
• Enabled seamless direct benefit transfers and enhanced service delivery through mobile coverage.

 

WHO Releases Global Guidelines on GLP-1 Medicines for Obesity Treatment

Why in News?

The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued its first-ever global guideline on the use of GLP-1 medicines for obesity management, recommending them selectively as part of a comprehensive treatment plan that includes healthy diet, physical activity, and medical supervision.

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Key Highlights of the WHO Guideline

1. Conditional Recommendation

• WHO conditionally endorses the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists for adults living with obesity, particularly when lifestyle interventions alone are insufficient.

2. Drugs Covered

The guideline focuses on three long-term GLP-1 medicines:

• Liraglutide
• Semaglutide
• Tirzepatide

These drugs have demonstrated significant benefits in sustained weight reduction and metabolic health when used under medical guidance.

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About GLP-1 Drugs (GLP-1 Receptor Agonists)

How They Work

Mimic the gut hormone Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), which is naturally released after meals.

(a) Improve metabolic control by:

• Enhancing insulin secretion when blood sugar rises
• Reducing glucagon levels
• Slowing gastric emptying
• Suppressing appetite and increasing satiety

(b) Clinical Use

Primarily prescribed for:

• Type 2 Diabetes management
• Long-term obesity treatment

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Understanding Obesity

1. Definition

• A chronic condition characterized by excessive body fat, increasing the risk of diseases such as Type 2 Diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and metabolic complications.
• Adults are classified as obese when their Body Mass Index (BMI) is 30 or above.

2. Global and National Burden

• Over 1 billion people worldwide are affected by obesity, contributing to approximately 3.7 million deaths in 2024.
• As per NFHS-5 (2019–21): 24% of Indian women & 23% of Indian men are classified as obese.

 

Parliamentary Panel Flags Fertilizer Mismanagement; Recommends Urgent Policy Overhaul

A new report by the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Chemicals and Fertilizers highlights India’s progress toward fertilizer self-sufficiency but raises serious concerns over escalating consumption, ageing infrastructure, import dependence, and regulatory malpractices.

Domestic Production & Capacity Augmentation

1. Key Concerns

(a) Record Consumption vs. Limited Production:

• Fertilizer consumption touched an all-time high of 708 LMT (2024–25).
• Domestic output remains inadequate — Urea: 307 LMT; P&K: 211.21 LMT, heightening vulnerability to geopolitical supply shocks.

(b)Ageing Urea Plants:

• 27 out of 33 plants are over 25 years old;
• 7 plants have crossed 50 years, causing excessive O&M costs and inefficiencies.

2. Recommendations

• Form a High-Level Task Force to devise a time-bound plan to expand urea output (via NIP-2012, NUP-2015) and strengthen P&K capacity through fiscal/tax incentives.
• Create a special modernization task force to upgrade ageing units with state-of-the-art energy-efficient technologies.

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Reducing Import Dependency & Securing Raw Materials

1. Key Concerns

• Extreme Import Dependence: 95% dependency for Phosphates and 100% for Potash.
• Heavy reliance on foreign licensors (Netherlands, US, Italy, Japan) for technology.
• Existence of low-grade domestic phosphate ores and deep-seated potash deposits remains underutilized.

2. Recommendations

• Secure long-term supply agreements and develop global joint ventures with resource-rich nations.
• Establish a high-power R&D-driven task force to develop indigenous fertilizer process technologies.
• Step up domestic exploration and mining, leveraging their designation as “Critical & Strategic Minerals” under the MMDR Act, 2023.

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Promoting Alternatives & Curbing Malpractices

1. Key Concerns

• Shortage of drones needed for Nano fertilizer application.
• Continued black marketing/diversion, despite Aadhaar authentication mandates.
• Imbalanced fertilizer use causing soil degradation and nutrient imbalance.

2. Recommendations

• Launch a PLI Scheme for agricultural drones to enable widespread Nano fertilizer deployment.
• Implement stringent enforcement mechanisms, including a nationwide lab network and a robust grievance redressal system.
• Promote balanced fertilization, crop rotation, bio-inputs, and organic/natural farming to improve soil health.

 

MoHFW Observes World AIDS Day 2025

The National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare has been observing World AIDS Day on December 1 every year since 1992, reinforcing national commitment to ending HIV/AIDS as a public health threat.

About HIV & AIDS

1. What is HIV?

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks and destroys CD4 (T-helper) immune cells, weakening the immune system.
• CD4 cells are key white blood cells responsible for defending the body against infections.

2. Retrovirus – Key Features

• Uses RNA as genetic material.
• On infection, viral RNA → converted to DNA → integrated into host genome → host cell produces more viruses.
• Integration allows lifelong persistence unless treated.

3. Transmission

Occurs through:

• Unprotected sexual contact
• Contaminated needles/syringes
• Infected blood transfusion
• Mother-to-child transmission (pregnancy, delivery, breastfeeding)

4. Treatment

• Early testing and regular Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) help suppress viral load and prevent disease progression.
• ART prevents progression to AIDS, the most advanced stage marked by severe immune deficiency and opportunistic infections.

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HIV Status in India

• Over 2.5 million people living with HIV.
• Prevalence: 0.20%, far below the global average: 0.7%.
• Significant decline (2010–2024): 48.7% reduction in new HIV infections, 81.4% reduction in AIDS-related deaths

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Government Initiatives

1. National AIDS and STD Control Programme (NACP) Phase-V

• A Central Sector Scheme aiming to end AIDS as a public health threat by 2030.

2. 95-95-95 Targets

(Initially 90-90-90, later revised)

• 95% of people living with HIV know their status
• 95% of diagnosed individuals on sustained ART
• 95% of people on ART achieve viral suppression

3. Other Key Measures

• Mission Sampark – early identification and re-engagement of missed cases
• HIV/AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017 – prohibits discrimination and ensures treatment/rights
• Strengthened surveillance, awareness campaigns, community participation, and targeted interventions for high-risk groups.

 

Heron Mark-II UAV

Why in News?

India is in advanced discussions to procure additional Heron Mark-II drones from Israel, with proposals for local manufacturing as part of efforts to enhance surveillance and unmanned capabilities.

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About Heron Mark-II

1. Manufacturer

• Developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI).

2. Category

• A Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.
• Primarily employed for Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) missions.

3. Key Performance Parameters

• Maximum Altitude: Up to 35,000 feet
• Cruise Speed: Approximately 150 knots
• Endurance: Capable of operating for up to 45 hours continuously

4. Operational Capabilities

• Integrated with advanced electro-optical sensors, communication intelligence systems, and SATCOM links.
• Enables beyond-line-of-sight operations, long-range surveillance, and persistent monitoring in varied terrains.
• Supports missions requiring high endurance, real-time intelligence, and strategic reconnaissance.

 

Exercise Ekuverin

Why in News?

The 14th edition of Exercise Ekuverin is set to take place in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, marking yet another milestone in India–Maldives defence cooperation.

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About Exercise Ekuverin

1. Overview

• An annual bilateral military exercise conducted between the Indian Army and the Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF).

2. Origin & Background

• The term “Ekuverin” translates to “Friends” in Dhivehi.
• Launched in 2009, the exercise is hosted alternately by India and the Maldives every year.

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Core Objectives

1. Enhancing Operational Coordination

• Strengthening interoperability between both forces.
• Joint training in counter-insurgency (CI) and counter-terrorism (CT) operations.

2. Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Relief (HADR)

• Conducting coordinated HADR drills focused on real-time response during natural disasters.

3. Terrain-Specific Training

• Practice of operations in: Semi-urban environments, Jungle terrain, Coastal areas

 

Global Indices for Reforms and Growth (GIRG) Framework

Why in News?

The Government of India is actively implementing the GIRG Framework to strengthen policy reforms, improve institutional performance, and enhance India’s ranking across major global indicators.

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About the GIRG Framework

1. Purpose

• Designed to track India’s standing on select international indices.
• Helps identify performance gaps and facilitates evidence-based policy reforms across sectors.

2. Coverage

• Monitors 26 global indices grouped under four major themes: Economy, Governance, Development, Industry
• These indices are published by 16 prominent international organisations.

3. Implementation Mechanism

17 nodal ministries are designated to oversee specific indices relevant to their domain.
The Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office (DMEO) of NITI Aayog leads:

• Data quality validation
• Methodology assessment
• Reform design and implementation
• Inter-ministerial coordination

4. Significance

• Promotes data-driven governance and better policy formulation.
• Enhances transparency and accountability across ministries.
• Improves India’s global competitiveness through targeted reforms.
• Strengthens cooperative and competitive federalism by engaging both Union and State governments.

 

Masala Bonds

Why in News?

The Enforcement Directorate (ED) has initiated an investigation into the Masala Bonds issued by the Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board (KIIFB).

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What Are Masala Bonds?

Masala Bonds are rupee-denominated debt instruments issued in overseas markets to attract foreign investment for Indian entities.

1. Key Features

• Denomination: Issued in Indian Rupees, even though sold to foreign investors.
• Introduced By: International Finance Corporation (IFC) in 2014 to support India’s offshore funding ecosystem.
• Eligible Investors: Individuals and institutions from FATF-compliant jurisdictions can participate.
• Risk Distribution: Currency risk lies with the investor, not the issuer, Protects Indian companies from exchange rate volatility.

2. Benefits

• Reduces reliance on domestic borrowing.
• Enhances access to global capital.
• Supports infrastructure and long-term development financing.
• Helps internationalize the Indian rupee.

 

Assam Prohibition of Polygamy Bill, 2025

Why in News?

The Assam Legislative Assembly has passed the Assam Prohibition of Polygamy Bill, 2025, introducing stringent penal provisions to curb the practice of polygamy in the State.

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Key Features of the Bill

• Criminal Penalty: Provides for imprisonment of up to 10 years for entering into a second marriage while the first marriage is still legally valid.
• Objective: To eliminate polygamous practices and strengthen the legal framework ensuring monogamous marriages.

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About Polygamy

Polygamy refers to a marital system in which an individual has more than one spouse at the same time.

Types of Polygamy

• Polygyny: A system where one man has multiple wives.
• Polyandry: A system where one woman has multiple husbands.

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Legal Provisions in India

1. Under Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

• Bigamy is prohibited for Hindus, and contracting a second marriage during the subsistence of the first is a punishable offence.

2. Under Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023

• Section 82: Addresses the offence of marrying again during the lifetime of a spouse, Punishment: Up to seven years’ imprisonment, along with a fine.

 

Sanchar Saathi Mobile App

Why in News?

The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has mandated smartphone manufacturers to pre-install the Sanchar Saathi app on all new devices, aiming to enhance mobile security and consumer protection.

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About Sanchar Saathi

• Launch Year: 2025
• Purpose: To provide transparent, secure, and user-friendly mobile services for Indian telecom subscribers.

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Key Features

1. Chakshu

• Enables users to report suspicious communications through calls, SMS, or WhatsApp, particularly targeting KYC update scams.

2. IMEI Tracking & Blocking

• Helps track and block lost or stolen mobile devices across India, ensuring better device security.

3. Mobile Handset Verification

• Provides an easy mechanism to verify the genuineness of a purchased smartphone.

4. Detection of Masked International Calls

• Allows reporting of international calls appearing as domestic numbers, starting with +91 followed by 10 digits.

5. Internet Service Provider (ISP) Identification

• Enables users to identify their ISP by entering a PIN code, address, or ISP name, improving transparency in connectivity.

 

GPS Spoofing Incidents at Major Indian Airports

Why in News?

The Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) has confirmed incidents of GPS spoofing at Delhi and several other major airports, raising concerns over air navigation and aviation security.

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What is GPS Spoofing?

• Also known as GPS simulation, it involves manipulating or tricking a GPS receiver by broadcasting false GPS signals.
• Causes the GPS device to believe it is at a location where it actually is not, leading to inaccurate location data.

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Implications

Undermines the reliability of GPS-based systems, which are crucial for:

• Air traffic management and navigation
• Time synchronization in critical systems
• Logistics, telecommunications, and defense applications

Represents a cybersecurity threat with potential consequences for aviation safety and national infrastructure.

 

Indian Army Conducts Combat Launch of BrahMos Missile

Why in News?

The Indian Army successfully executed a combat launch of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile, demonstrating enhanced operational readiness and precision strike capabilities.

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About BrahMos Missile

1. Overview

• A two-stage supersonic cruise missile developed jointly by India and Russia.
• Combines a solid-propellant booster for the first stage with a liquid-fueled ramjet for the second stage.

2. Performance Parameters

• Range: Up to 290 km
• Cruising Altitude: Up to 15 km
• Terminal Altitude: As low as 5 m
• Warhead Capacity: Conventional warhead up to 200 kg

3. Key Features

• Dual Role: Capable of land-attack and anti-ship missions
• Fire-and-Forget Capability: Operates autonomously post-launch
• Large Engagement Envelope: Effective against diverse targets
• Transport-Cum-Launch Canister: Enhances mobility and deployment speed
• Rapid Deployment: Minimal preparation time required for launch

 

Pratyaksh Hanstantrit Labh (PAHAL) Scheme

Why in News?

The PAHAL Scheme, also known as the Direct Benefit Transfer of LPG (DBTL), continues to enhance efficiency, transparency, and consumer-centric reforms in India’s LPG distribution system.

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About the PAHAL Scheme

1. Launch and Administration

• Launched: 2013
• Ministry: Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas

2. Objectives

• Ensure efficient, transparent, and inclusive subsidy transfer for domestic LPG consumers.
• Prevent diversion of subsidized LPG cylinders for commercial purposes.

3. How It Works

• All domestic LPG cylinders are sold at a uniform Retail Selling Price (RSP).
• Subsidies are transferred directly to consumers’ bank accounts, eliminating intermediaries and ensuring timely benefit delivery.

4. Significance

• Promotes financial inclusion by linking subsidies with bank accounts.
• Reduces leakages and frauds in LPG distribution.
• Supports a consumer-friendly, accountable, and digitized delivery mechanism.

 

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