3 June 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 3 June 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams. 

India’s Commitment to Glacier Preservation: Global Push for Cryospheric Sustainability

India reiterated its dedication to glacier conservation at a High-Level International Conference on Glaciers, held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, co-hosted with UNESCO and World Meteorological Organization.

Why Glaciers Matter: A Multi-Dimensional Role?

1. Critical Freshwater Source

• Earth’s freshwater: Just 3% of total water.
• Of this, nearly two-thirds is glacier-bound, making glaciers vital freshwater reservoirs.

2. River Ecosystem Lifeline

The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region, with ~54,000 glaciers,

• Contributes nearly 40% of the Indus River flow.
• Supports biodiversity, agriculture, and water security in South Asia.

3. Natural Climate Archives

• Glaciers act as frozen climate journals, preserving atmospheric records for up to 800,000 years.
• Key to understanding long-term climate trends, glacial cycles, and Earth’s warming history.

4. Monsoon Influence

• The thermal contrast between cold Himalayan glaciers and the warm Indian Ocean drives the Southwest Monsoon, crucial for India’s agriculture and water economy.

Indian Initiatives for Glacier Protection

1. NMSHE (National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem)

• A flagship component under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).
• Focuses on scientific research, ecosystem monitoring, and policy integration.

2. Centre for Cryosphere and Climate Change Studies

• Set up to monitor and study glacier dynamics in the Indian Himalayan Region.
• Supports data-driven policymaking and risk assessment.

3. Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Risk Mapping

• Disaster preparedness strategy to identify, monitor, and mitigate GLOF-prone areas.

Global Measures for Cryosphere Conservation

1. 2025: International Year of Glaciers Preservation

• Declared by UNESCO and WMO to raise awareness and accelerate global action.

2. 2025-2034: Decade of Action for Cryospheric Sciences

• Aimed at building scientific understanding and resilience strategies for glacier loss.

3. Paris Agreement Commitment

• Reinforces the need to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels to reduce glacier melt.

4. ICIMOD (International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development)

• An intergovernmental body focusing on regional cooperation to safeguard the HKH region across eight countries.

IndiaAI Mission: Expanding India’s AI Ecosystem

IndiaAI has achieved a major milestone by scaling up its computing power to over 34,000 GPUs, enhancing its capacity to train indigenous AI models suited to India's unique socio-linguistic context.

Overview of the IndiaAI Mission

• Launch Year: 2024
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)
• Implementing Body: IndiaAI division under MeitY
• Primary Goal:

- Democratize access to high-end AI computing.

- Improve data availability and quality.

- Enable the development of indigenous foundational models and applications.

The 7 Pillars of IndiaAI

1. IndiaAI Compute

• Infrastructure boost with an additional 15,916 GPUs.
• Total compute power now exceeds 34,000 GPUs, supporting training and inference workloads.

2. IndiaAI Innovation Centres

Three Centres of Excellence in New Delhi focused on:

• Healthcare
• Agriculture
• Sustainable Cities

3. IndiaAI Dataset Platform

• Over 367 curated datasets uploaded to AI Kosh for open access and research.

4. IndiaAI Application Development

• Launch of Sarvam-1, a large language model (LLM) optimized for Indian languages and contexts.

5. IndiaAI Startup Financing

• Backing for three startups to build homegrown foundational models.

6. IndiaAI FutureSkills

• Programs designed to upskill youth in AI technologies and data sciences.

7. Safe & Trusted AI

• Emphasis on ethical, transparent, and bias-free AI systems to build public trust.

Key Challenges Ahead

• High Infrastructure Costs: Building and maintaining compute ecosystems is capital-intensive.
• Research Gaps: Heavy focus on LLMs may undermine progress in other promising AI subfields.
• Ethical Concerns: Issues of bias, transparency, and safety remain unaddressed in many global AI models.
• Environmental Impact: AI’s energy consumption is under scrutiny; global forums like the Paris Summit are pushing for low-energy AI computing.

Women-led Development: A New Paradigm in Governance

While speaking at the Women Empowerment Maha Sammelan on the 300th birth anniversary of Lokmata Devi Ahilyabai Holkar, the PM highlighted that women-led development is no longer just a goal but the core philosophy of governance in India.

Women’s Development vs. Women-led Development: A Comparative Lens

Significance of Women-led Development

1. Economic Empowerment

• Gender parity could potentially result in a 30% rise in India’s GDP (Source: NFHS).
• Increases female participation in entrepreneurship, industry, and innovation.

2. Gender Equity & Role Models

• Women in leadership challenge outdated gender norms and expand aspirational boundaries.

3. Examples:

• Col. Sophia Qureshi – Military leadership in Operation Sindoor.
• Wing Commander Vyomika Singh – Pioneering air force operations.

4. Inclusive and Sustainable Growth

• Women’s leadership ensures more holistic, community-driven progress.
• Drives inclusive governance in politics, economics, and society.

5. Contribution to Traditional Sectors

• Over 80% of artisans in the Khadi sector are women.
• More than 50% of individuals in sericulture are women, reflecting their central role in grassroots industries.

Landslides in India: Understanding Risks and Responses

Recent fatal landslides in Northeast India and Karnataka have highlighted the growing vulnerability of certain regions to these natural disasters.

What is a Landslide?

• A landslide is a type of mass wasting where rocks, soil, or debris move downhill under the influence of gravity.
• Types of movement: Slides, flows, spreads, topples, and falls.
• Types of material: Rock or debris.

Triggers of Landslides

1. Natural Causes

• Heavy rainfall and groundwater pressure
• Earthquakes and volcanic activity
• Natural slope instability

2. Human-Induced Causes (Anthropogenic)

• Deforestation and unplanned cultivation
• Infrastructure development (construction, tunneling, mining)
• Vibrations from traffic and machinery

India’s Landslide Vulnerability

As per ISRO’s Landslide Atlas of India:

• India ranks among the top four most landslide-prone nations globally.
• 12.6% of India’s landmass (~0.42 million sq km, excluding snow-covered areas) is landslide-prone.

Regional Contribution to Landslides:

Mitigation Measures and Strategies

1. National Landslide Risk Management Strategy (2019)

• Focuses on hazard mapping, monitoring systems, and early warning mechanisms.

2. Landslide Risk Mitigation Scheme (LRMS) – NDMA

• Provides financial aid for site-specific mitigation projects.
• Supports infrastructure strengthening in high-risk zones.

3. National Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (NLSM)

• Aims to build a dynamic geo-database of vulnerable zones across the country.
• Helps policymakers in zoning regulations and urban planning.

Israel Shoots Down Enemy Drone Using Laser: A Global First in Warfare

Amid the ongoing conflict in Gaza, the Israeli Air Force successfully used a laser-based air defense system to intercept enemy drones—marking a historic first in combat technology.

What is the Iron Beam System?

• Alternate Name: Magen Or (Hebrew for “Light Shield”)
• Developer: Rafael Advanced Defense Systems (Israel)
• Category: High-Energy Laser Weapon System (HELWS), part of Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs)
• Power Class: ~100 kW

Capabilities and Targets

1. Neutralizes a range of aerial threats:

• RAMs: Rockets, Artillery shells, and Mortars
• Cruise Missiles
• UAVs/Drones

2. Uses concentrated electromagnetic energy (not kinetic force) to disable or destroy targets.

Advantages of HELWS (High-Energy Laser Weapon System)

1. Precision Targeting

• Engages threats with high accuracy up to 10 km.
• Minimizes collateral damage and environmental impact.

2. Interoperability

• Can be integrated into multi-layered defense systems or deployed as a standalone unit.

3. Cost-Effective: Near-zero cost per shot compared to missile interceptors.

4.  Speed: Attacks at the speed of light, ideal for fast-moving and time-sensitive threats.

5. Dual-Use: Protects military assets and civilian populations during real-time conflict scenarios.

Limitations of Laser Defense

• Thermal Overload: Can overheat after continuous firing; needs cool-down intervals.
• Weather Dependency: Reduced effectiveness in cloudy, rainy, or dusty environments.

Other Directed Energy Weapon (DEW) Systems Around the World

Operation Shield: India's Security Preparedness Drill

A series of mock drills were recently held in bordering states and Union Territories along India’s western frontier, under the banner of ‘Operation Shield’.

Objective

• To evaluate and enhance national preparedness against external military threats and emergencies.
• Strengthen coordination among civil defence units, local administration, and security agencies.

Key Features of the Drill

1. Emergency Simulations

• Enemy air strikes
• Drone intrusions
• Missile attacks
• Mass evacuations

2. Civil Defence Involvement

• Silent recall (covert mobilization) and general recall (open mobilization) of civil defence volunteers.

3. Operational Testing

• Evacuation drills to ensure safe and swift civilian movement.
• Emergency communication checks to assess real-time responsiveness.

Significance

• Builds resilience in border regions.
• Prepares India for a quick and coordinated response in case of hostile action.
• Boosts inter-agency coordination and local readiness for unforeseen threats.

Gaza Humanitarian Foundation: Controversy Over Aid Neutrality

The Gaza Humanitarian Foundation, recently established with backing from the U.S. and Israel, has come under fire from UN officials who claim it is being used for “aid-washing”—a term implying the politicization of humanitarian relief to mask on-ground suffering, especially in Palestinian territories.

About the Foundation

1. Established: 2025

2. Legal Status: Registered as a “Stiftung” (foundation) in Switzerland.

3. Core Activities:

• Grants for healthcare, disaster relief, and humanitarian assistance.
• Supports non-profit and charitable programs.

4. Affiliation:

• Not affiliated with the United Nations.
• Operates independently of global multilateral frameworks.

Concerns Raised

1. Violation of Humanitarian Principles

• Allegedly breaches key norms of impartiality, neutrality, humanity, and independence.
• Fails to ensure that aid reaches vulnerable groups equitably, regardless of political context.

2. Accusations of 'Aid-Washing'

• Critics argue the initiative serves as a public relations cover for ongoing crises such as blockades, food shortages, and displacement.
• Undermines trust in international aid efforts by making relief appear politically motivated.

3. Ethical Dilemma

• The weaponization of aid could set a dangerous precedent, where geopolitical interests override humanitarian imperatives.

Lokmata Devi Ahilyabai Holkar (1725–1795): “Philosopher Queen” of the Malwa Kingdom

India paid tribute to Ahilyabai Holkar on her 300th birth anniversary (2025). She is celebrated for her just rule, philanthropy, temple restoration, and promotion of artisanship.

Early Life

• Born: 31 May 1725, Chondi village, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra.
• Family Background: From a simple farming family.
• Married to: Khanderao Holkar, son of Malhar Rao Holkar (founder of Holkar dynasty of Indore, under Maratha suzerainty).
• Ascension: After the death of her husband and father-in-law, she was granted permission by the Peshwa to rule Malwa.
• Ruled: From 1767 until her death in 1795.

Key Contributions

1. Architectural & Religious Legacy

a. Temple Building & Restoration:

• Rebuilt/renovated two of the twelve Jyotirlingas.
• Repaired Kashi Vishwanath Temple (Varanasi).
• Constructed the Old Somnath Temple in Gujarat (known today as the Ahilyabai Temple).
• Renovated temples across Haridwar, Kashi, Somnath, Rameshwaram, and Dwarka.

b. Maheshwar Fort: Built Ahilya Fort on the banks of the Narmada River in Maheshwar (her capital).

2. Economic & Cultural Contributions

• Textile Promotion: Revived and supported Maheshwari sarees—a thriving industry even today.
• Patronized arts, culture, music, and architecture.

Social & Administrative Reforms

• Formed a women’s army for maintaining law and order—ahead of her time in promoting women’s empowerment.
• Known for justice and good governance—often resolved disputes in open court.
• Widows' Welfare: Encouraged widow remarriage, challenged social norms.

ADB Pledges $10 Billion for India’s Urban Transformation

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has committed $10 billion to support urban infrastructure and metro expansion projects in India, reinforcing the nation's goal of building sustainable, inclusive cities.

Key Objectives of ADB’s Support

• Fund urban development and mass transit systems like metro rail.
• Assist in enhancing India’s Urban Challenge Fund to attract private investment in urban projects.

About the Asian Development Bank (ADB)

• Founded: 1966
• Mission: Promote inclusive, resilient, and sustainable growth across Asia and the Pacific.
• Headquarters: Manila, Philippines

Membership Snapshot

• Initial Members (1966): 31
• Current Members (as of 2024): 69

- 50 from Asia-Pacific

- 19 from outside the region

Operation Spider Web: Ukraine’s Precision Drone Strike Campaign

Operation Spider Web marks one of Ukraine’s most impactful drone offensives in the ongoing conflict.

Key Players:

• Executed by Ukraine’s Security Service (SBU) - the country’s main intelligence and security agency.

Tactics and Technology:

• Utilized FPV (First-Person View) drones, also called Remote Person View (RPV) drones.
• These are unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that transmit live video feeds directly to the operator’s goggles, enabling precise navigation and targeting.

Targets and Execution:

• Focused on strategic bomber aircraft housed at critical Russian air bases.
• The operation targeted four key air bases, including the notable Belaya air base located in the Irkutsk region of Siberia.
• The use of FPV drones allowed for stealthy, real-time reconnaissance and highly accurate strikes.

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