3 November 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 3 November 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

US-China Meeting at APEC Summit, Busan

The Presidents of the United States and China met on the sidelines of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Summit held in Busan, South Korea (31 Oct 2025) to discuss trade, security, and global economic stability.

Key Outcomes of the Busan Meet

1. Tariff Reduction on China:

• The U.S. agreed to reduce a tariff on China by 10%, originally imposed in response to the flow of fentanyl into the U.S.
• Fentanyl: A highly potent synthetic opioid, entirely lab-produced, with effects similar to morphine or heroin.

2. Rare Earth Export Controls:

• China agreed to extend a one-year pause on export controls of rare earth minerals.
• Rare Earths: A set of 17 metallic elements critical for manufacturing magnets, missiles, aircraft, cars, electronics, and other high-tech devices.

3. G-2 Rhetoric:

• U.S. President referred to the meeting as “G-2”, a concept popularized by economist C.F. Bergsten (2005).
• G-2 Concept: Envisions the U.S. and China as co-managers of global stability, responsible for economic governance, trade balances, and global problem-solving.

Global Implications of G-2 Alignment

• Questioning Regional Institutions: Strategic initiatives like Quad and AUKUS, designed to counter China, may lose relevance as the U.S. moves towards strategic accommodation with China.
• Shift Towards Bipolarity: Signals potential convergence of global power in the hands of US and China, potentially undermining multipolarity and the influence of the Global South.
• Dependence on China: Highlights global reliance on China for critical minerals and semiconductor supply chains.

Implications for India

• Reduced U.S. reliance on India as a geopolitical counterbalance to China.
• Could embolden China’s assertiveness in regional disputes, particularly along the India-China border.
• Necessitates strategic recalibration in foreign policy, balancing economic and security interests amid shifting global alignments.

Busan meeting signals a potential thaw in US-China tensions, with global economic and strategic repercussions. For India and Global South, it raises questions about geopolitical autonomy, supply chain security, and regional influence.

Ocean-Based Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS): A Strategic Decarbonisation Pathway

Ocean-based CCUS — storing captured carbon subsea in depleted oil and gas wells or aquifers — is emerging as a promising climate mitigation solution globally.

About Ocean-Based CCUS

• Definition: It involves capturing CO₂ from large point sources (like thermal power plants or industrial facilities) and storing it under the ocean floor or in deep-sea sediments.
• Storage Depth: Typically, CO₂ is injected about 3 km below the seabed into formations like basaltic rocks, saline aquifers, or depleted oil/gas reservoirs.
• Goal: Long-term carbon storage and reduction of atmospheric CO₂ levels.

Key Techniques

• Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE):  Accelerates CO₂ absorption by adding alkaline minerals (e.g., lime, olivine) or enhancing natural rock weathering through electrochemical means.
• Ocean Fertilisation: Stimulates phytoplankton growth by adding nutrients like iron, nitrogen, or phosphorus, enabling biological CO₂ sequestration in deep ocean layers.
• Biological Carbon Capture & Blue Carbon Enhancement: Restores and expands mangroves, seagrasses, and salt marshes for enhanced natural carbon storage.

Key Benefits

1. Durable Storage:

• Techniques like OAE can lock carbon for up to 100,000 years.

2. Vast Storage Potential:

• The ocean stores 50× more carbon than the atmosphere.

3. Safe and Stable:

• High pressure and low temperature beneath the seabed stabilize CO₂ in liquid form, minimizing leakage or contamination.

4. Carbon Utilisation:

• Stored CO₂ can be used for green hydrogen production, biofuels, and biopolymers.

5. Climate Impact:

• Could reduce global CO₂ emissions by ~14% by 2060.

6. India’s Potential:

• Supports Net Zero by 2070 goal.
• Enhances Blue Economy growth.
• India’s long coastline offers ample subsea storage capacity.

Challenges

• Technology is still in early R&D stages.
• High capital and operational costs.
• Requires robust funding, environmental risk assessments, and techno-economic feasibility studies before large-scale rollout.

Five Indian Megacities Facing Land Subsidence Threat Due to Excessive Groundwater Extraction

A recent multi-year satellite radar study (2015–2023) has revealed significant land subsidence across five major Indian cities—Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, and Chennai—posing serious risks to urban infrastructure and millions of residents.

Key Highlights of the Study

• Scale of Impact: Nearly 80 million people are affected, with Delhi recording the highest sinking rate of 51 mm per year.
• Localized Uplift: Certain areas, such as Dwarka (Delhi), exhibited minor localized uplift due to geological variations.
• Urban Hotspots: Rapid urban expansion and unregulated groundwater withdrawal are identified as the chief contributors.

About Land Subsidence

1. Definition:

• Land subsidence refers to the gradual or sudden sinking of the Earth’s surface due to the compression or weakening of underlying soil and rock layers.

2. Primary Causes:

• Excessive groundwater extraction
• Large-scale mining activities
• Rapid urbanisation and construction pressure
• Natural crustal shifts and fault movements

3. Vulnerable Regions in India:

• Assam and Sikkim: Fault activity and hydrocarbon extraction.
• Himalayan towns (Joshimath, Mussoorie): Unregulated urban development.

Major Impacts of Land Subsidence

• Damage to Urban Infrastructure: Over 2,000 buildings in Delhi are estimated to be at high risk of structural damage due to uneven ground sinking.
• Coastal Vulnerability: Subsiding coastal zones experience saltwater intrusion, contaminating freshwater reserves and degrading agricultural land.
• Disaster Amplification: Cracked buildings, buckled roads, and misaligned drainage systems increase the flood risk and endanger human settlements.
• Long-term Ecological Threats: Alters river flow dynamics, impacts aquatic ecosystems, and may accelerate carbon emissions from disturbed peatlands and wetlands.

Mitigation and Prevention Strategies

1. Sustainable Groundwater Management:

• Artificial aquifer recharge through rainwater harvesting.
• Regulation of borewell usage and groundwater zoning.

2. Soil Stabilisation Innovations:

• Deep soil mixing: Injecting stabilizing materials to reinforce sub-surface layers.

3. Advanced Monitoring Technologies:

• PSInSAR: For urban areas with stable structures.
• SBAS-InSAR: Suitable for agricultural and vegetated regions.
• SqueeSAR: Effective for mountainous terrains.

India Secures Six-Month U.S. Sanctions Waiver for Chabahar Port Project in Iran

The United States has granted India a six-month sanctions waiver for its continued involvement in the Chabahar Port project in Iran, recognising its strategic and humanitarian significance for regional connectivity and trade, particularly with Afghanistan and Central Asia.

About Chabahar Port

• Location: Situated in Sistan-Baluchistan Province on the Makran Coast of southeastern Iran, along the Gulf of Oman.
• Unique Feature: It is Iran’s only deep-sea port with direct access to the open ocean.
• Operational Terminals: Shahid Beheshti Terminal, Shahid Kalantari Terminal
• Strategic Proximity: Closest Iranian port to India, providing a bypass route to Pakistan for accessing Afghanistan and Central Asia.
• Connectivity Role: Integral part of the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), linking the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via Iran and onwards to Russia and northern Europe.

Significance of the Port for India

• Regional Connectivity: Facilitates direct maritime and land connectivity to Afghanistan and Central Asian Republics (CARs).
• Trade and Energy Security: Reduces dependence on Pakistan-controlled routes; enhances access to energy-rich Eurasia.
• Strategic Counterbalance: Acts as a counter to China’s Gwadar Port in Pakistan, strengthening India’s presence in the region.
• Humanitarian Corridor: Enables the delivery of humanitarian aid and essential commodities to Afghanistan despite regional instability.

U.S. Waiver Context

• The waiver acknowledges Chabahar’s non-military, development-focused nature.
• It supports India’s role in stabilising Afghanistan and promoting regional economic integration.
• The renewal of the waiver underscores U.S.–India strategic cooperation amid ongoing geopolitical challenges involving Iran sanctions.

Model Youth Gram Sabha

Ministry of Panchayati Raj, in collaboration with Ministry of Education and Ministry of Tribal Affairs, has launched the Model Youth Gram Sabha (MYGS) initiative to foster youth participation in local self-governance.

About MYGS

• Objective: To strengthen Janbhagidari (people’s participation) and promote participatory local governance by engaging students in simulated Gram Sabha sessions.
• Purpose: To instill democratic values, leadership skills, and awareness about Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) among school students.
• Alignment: The initiative is aligned with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which emphasizes experiential learning and civic engagement.

Implementation

Institutions Covered:

• Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas (JNVs):
• Established under NEP 1986 to provide quality residential education to rural students irrespective of socio-economic background.
• Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRSs):
• Aim to deliver quality education to Scheduled Tribe (ST) students in regions with over 50% ST population and at least 20,000 tribal persons.
• State Government Schools will also implement MYGS to ensure wide participation.

Significance

• Youth Empowerment: Encourages young citizens to understand local governance, budgeting, and decision-making.
• Civic Awareness: Promotes awareness of constitutional values, rights, and responsibilities.
• Bridging the Rural–Youth Gap: Connects the next generation with the realities of rural development and grassroots democracy.
• Capacity Building: Develops communication, leadership, and problem-solving skills through experiential simulations of Gram Sabha deliberations.

Expected Outcomes

• Stronger linkages between schools and Panchayats.
• A cadre of youth leaders sensitized to rural governance and sustainable development goals (SDGs).
• Enhanced community participation and ownership in local development initiatives.

Digi Bandar: India’s National Digital Framework for Smart Ports

The Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways launched Digi Bandar during India Maritime Week 2025, marking a major step toward digital transformation of India’s port ecosystem.

About Digi Bandar

• Nature: A national digital framework designed to interlink and modernize Indian ports under a unified digital infrastructure.
• Aim: To make India’s ports data-driven, AI-enabled, and interconnected, thereby improving efficiency, safety, and transparency in maritime operations.

Key Focus Areas

1. Predictive Logistics:

• Utilizes AI and data analytics to forecast vessel movement, cargo flow, and logistics bottlenecks.
• Helps in reducing turnaround time and optimizing resource allocation.

2. Digital Twins:

• Creation of virtual replicas of port infrastructure and operations for real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance.
• Enables simulation of various operational scenarios to enhance decision-making.

3. Automation in Port Operations:

• Introduction of automated cranes, smart gates, and AI-driven tracking systems.
• Promotes contactless and paperless trade facilitation through integrated digital workflows.

Significance

• Efficiency Boost: Streamlines cargo handling and port logistics through real-time data sharing.
• Transparency: Reduces manual intervention and corruption risks through a digital audit trail.
• Safety: Predictive systems minimize human error and operational risks.
• Sustainability: Enables energy optimization and reduced emissions by monitoring port operations digitally.
• Global Competitiveness: Positions India’s ports in line with international standards of smart and sustainable port management.

Consumer Price Index (CPI) – Base Revision and Housing Index Update

• The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) is undertaking a base revision exercise of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) to reflect updated consumption patterns and improve accuracy.
• A key proposal involves revising the methodology for the Housing Index compilation.

About Consumer Price Index (CPI)

• Definition: CPI measures changes in the price level of a basket of goods and services consumed by households.
• Purpose: It is the main measure of retail inflation in India and is used by the RBI for inflation targeting under the Monetary Policy Framework.
• Compiled by: MoSPI
• Current Base Year: 2012 = 100 (revision under process)
• Categories Covered: CPI (Urban), CPI (Rural), CPI (Combined)

Housing in CPI

1. Current Coverage:

• Constitutes 21.67% of the urban CPI basket.
• Accounts for 10.07% of total expenditure at All-India level.
• Not compiled for rural sector currently.

2. Proposed Revision:

• To update data sources and methods for more accurate estimation of rent and imputed rent.
• Explore inclusion of rural housing costs, which are presently excluded.

Weightage of Major Components in Current CPI Series

Significance of Base Revision

• Reflects changing consumption patterns due to urbanization, technology, and lifestyle shifts.
• Ensures more representative inflation data for policymaking.
• Improves accuracy of monetary policy and welfare indexation (like DA, pensions, etc.).
• Aligns with international best practices recommended by the IMF and ILO.

Kunming Biodiversity Fund

Recently, seven countries secured funding under the Kunming Biodiversity Fund (KBF) to implement projects aligned with the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) goals.

About Kunming Biodiversity Fund (KBF)

• Nature: A Multi-Partner Trust Fund (MPTF) established to support accelerated biodiversity action and implementation of the KMGBF, especially in developing countries.
• Launched by: China in partnership with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
• Supported by: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (SCBD), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

Objectives

• Provide financial and technical assistance to developing nations for biodiversity conservation and restoration.
• Promote integration of biodiversity in national development policies.
• Strengthen implementation capacity for achieving KMGBF’s global targets.
• Enhance equitable benefit-sharing and community participation in biodiversity management.

About Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF)

1. Adopted at:

• COP-15 to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) held in Montreal, Canada (2022).

2. Nature:

• A non-binding global framework guiding biodiversity protection through 2030, with a long-term vision for 2050.

3. Goals for 2050 (4 in total):

• Maintain and restore ecosystem integrity and halt species extinction.
• Sustain biodiversity benefits for all people.
• Ensure equitable benefit-sharing from genetic resources.
• Mobilize adequate financial resources and strengthen implementation mechanisms.

4. Targets for 2030 (23 in total):

• Protect 30% of the planet’s land and sea (“30x30 target”).
• Reduce invasive species introduction by 50%.
• Cut pollution risks from pesticides and plastics.
• Mobilize $200 billion annually for biodiversity conservation.

Significance

• Represents China’s leadership in global biodiversity finance.
• Supports developing countries struggling with biodiversity-related financial constraints.
• Contributes to achieving SDG 14 (Life Below Water) and SDG 15 (Life on Land).
• Encourages synergy between climate and biodiversity goals.

Secondary Sanctions

The United States’ threat of imposing secondary sanctions has raised concerns over the potential impact on India’s imports of Russian oil, especially under evolving global geopolitical and trade dynamics.

About Secondary Sanctions

1. Definition:

• Secondary sanctions are indirect punitive measures applied by one country (typically the U.S.) against third-party states, companies, or individuals that continue to engage in trade or transactions with a primary sanctioned country.

2. Distinction from Primary Sanctions:

• Primary Sanctions: Direct restrictions on trade, investment, or transactions involving the target nation (e.g., embargoes, asset freezes).
• Secondary Sanctions: Extend beyond the target country to penalize non-compliant third parties, discouraging them from engaging with the sanctioned entity.

Key Features

• Extraterritorial Reach: They apply outside the sanctioning country’s jurisdiction, compelling other nations and companies to comply.
• Economic Leverage: Serve as force multipliers for primary sanctions, amplifying their economic impact.
• Financial Penalties: Third parties may lose access to the U.S. financial system, dollar transactions, or global banking networks (like SWIFT).
• Diplomatic Influence: Used as a foreign policy tool to coerce compliance with international norms or political objectives.

Example

Iran Oil Sanctions:

• The U.S. imposed primary sanctions on Iran’s oil exports.
• When Indian refiners continued to import Iranian crude, they faced the risk of secondary sanctions, prompting them to halt imports to avoid financial and reputational penalties.

Implications for India (Current Context)

• May affect energy security and crude sourcing diversification.
• Could disrupt payment mechanisms, including rupee-rouble trade.
• Impacts on refineries, shipping, and insurance sectors involved in Russian oil trade.
• Raises questions about strategic autonomy and balancing ties with both the U.S. and Russia.

Justice Surya Kant Appointed as the 53rd Chief Justice of India (CJI)

In exercise of powers conferred under Article 124 of the Constitution of India, the President of India has appointed Justice Surya Kant as the 53rd Chief Justice of India (CJI). He will succeed the incumbent CJI Justice B.R. Gavai upon his retirement.

Constitutional Provision

• Article 124(2) of the Constitution empowers the President to appoint judges of the Supreme Court, including the Chief Justice of India.
• The appointment is made by the President after consultation with judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, as deemed necessary.

Procedure for Appointment of the Chief Justice of India

1. Initiation of Process:

Union Ministry of Law and Justice initiates the process by seeking the recommendation of the outgoing CJI for the appointment of the next Chief Justice.

2. Recommendation by Outgoing CJI:

By convention, the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court (based on appointment date) is recommended as the next CJI.

3. Processing of Recommendation:

The recommendation is submitted by the Law Minister to the Prime Minister, who then advises the President to make the appointment.

Exceptions to the Seniority Convention

The principle of appointing the senior-most judge as CJI has been departed from thrice in India’s judicial history:

• Justice A.N. Ray (1973) superseded three senior judges.
• Justice M.H. Beg (1977) superseded Justice H.R. Khanna.
• Justice P.N. Bhagwati (1985) appointment followed similar controversy over seniority convention.

Madras High Court Recognises Cryptocurrency as Property

Court Grants Investor Protection in Rhutikumari v. Zanmai Labs as Crypto Assets Frozen After Cyberattack.

Context

• The Madras High Court became the first Indian court to legally recognise cryptocurrency as “property”, granting protection to an investor whose digital assets were frozen on a crypto exchange following a major cyberattack.
• Notably, the New Zealand High Court (2020) had earlier held that cryptocurrencies are digital assets and a form of property capable of being held on trust.

Key Highlights of the Ruling

1. Definition:

• Cryptocurrency is a medium of exchange created and stored electronically on a blockchain, using cryptographic techniques (e.g., Bitcoin).
• It has no intrinsic value or physical form and is not regulated by central banks.

2. Nature of Cryptocurrency:

• The Court held it is not a currency or tangible property, but a property capable of being owned, enjoyed, transferred, and held in trust.
• Applied property law principles established by the Supreme Court to digital assets.

3. Legal Status in India:

• Classified as a Virtual Digital Asset (VDA) under the Income Tax Act, 1961.
• Not a speculative transaction under tax laws.

4. Clarification on RBI’s 2018 Circular:

• The Court reaffirmed that RBI had not banned cryptocurrencies, only restricted banks from facilitating crypto trading.

Significance of the Judgment

• Regulatory Clarity: Establishes a judicial precedent recognising digital assets as legally ownable property under Indian law.
• Investor Protection: Enables investors to seek traditional property remedies (e.g., injunctions, recovery suits, or guarantees) rather than relying solely on exchange-led mechanisms.
• Bridges Legal Grey Zone: Strengthens India’s position toward developing a balanced crypto regulation framework without stifling innovation.

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