3 October 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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India–EFTA Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA) Comes into Force

Why in News

• India–EFTA TEPA has officially come into effect, marking a landmark trade pact with binding commitments of $100 billion investment and creation of 1 million direct jobs in India over the next 15 years.
• It is the first FTA signed by India that links investment and job creation directly to trade commitments.

About EFTA

• Members: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland.
• Key Trade Partner: Switzerland is India’s largest EFTA trading partner, followed by Norway.

Key Features of TEPA

1. Market Access (Goods):

• EFTA Commitment: Duty-free access to 100% of non-agricultural products.
• India’s Safeguards: Sensitive sectors protected (dairy, soya, coal, pharma, medical devices).

2. Services & Mobility:

• Boosts exports in IT, business services, and education.
• Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs): Nursing, Chartered Accountancy, Architecture.
• Enhanced Access:
  - Mode 1: Digital delivery of services.
  - Mode 3: Commercial presence.
  - Mode 4: Greater certainty for entry & temporary stay of professionals.

3. Chemicals & Allied Products:

• EFTA: Zero or reduced tariffs on 95% of India’s exports.
• India: Access to 80% of tariff lines, covering 95% of EFTA’s exports.

4. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR):

• Commitments at TRIPS level only.
• India safeguarded its generic medicines sector and prevented patent evergreening.

Key Gains for India

• Export Boost: Textiles, Engineering Goods, Processed Foods.
• Strategic Advantage: Reinforces ‘Make in India’ and ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’.
• Institutional Support: Dedicated India–EFTA Desk (operational since 2025) for single-window facilitation of trade and investments.

NCRB Report Highlights Rise in Accidental Fatalities in India (2023)

Why in News?

NCRB Releases Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India 2023 Report with Comparative Data Analysis from 2022 to 2023.

Key Findings

1. Overall Trends

a. Total Accidental Deaths (2023): 4,44,104 (↑ from 4,30,504 in 2022).

b. Leading Causes:

• Traffic Accidents – 44.6%
• Sudden Deaths – 14.3%
• Drowning – 8.5%

2. Road Accidents

• Cases Registered: 4,64,029 (↑ from 4,46,768 in 2022).
• Fatalities: 1,73,826 (↑ 1.6% from 1,71,100 in 2022).
• Major Accident Spots:
  - Near residential areas: 30.2%
  - Near schools/colleges: 7.1%

3. Causes of Road Accidents

a. Over-speeding: 61.4% deaths.

b. Dangerous/ careless driving/ overtaking: 23.7% deaths.

c. Other causes:

• Animal crossing – 2.8%
• Poor weather – 2.1%
• Driving under influence (alcohol/drugs) – 1.7%
• Mechanical defects, road defects, sudden braking.

4. Natural Calamities

Deaths due to forces of nature (2023):

• Lightning: 6,444 deaths (39.7%)
• Heat/ Sunstroke: 12.5%

5. Railway Accidents:

• Cases Reported: 24,678
• Deaths: 21,803

6. City-wise Trends (53 Mega Cities):

• Top Cities: Mumbai, Pune, Bengaluru, Delhi, Jaipur.
• Accidental Death Rate: 41.0 (higher than national avg. 31.9).

7. State-wise Trends:

• Highest traffic accident fatalities: Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.
• Unusual Pattern: In Andaman & Nicobar, Jharkhand, Punjab, Bihar, U.P., accident deaths exceeded injuries (rare trend).

NCRB’s Suicides in India 2023 Report

Why in News?

National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) has published its annual report titled “Accidental Deaths and Suicides in India 2023”.

Key Highlights

1. Overall Trends:

• Total Suicides: Increased by 0.3% (2023 vs. 2022).
• Suicide Rate: Declined by 0.8%.
• Urban–Rural Divide: Suicide rate in cities higher than all-India average.

2. State/UT Data:

• Highest Suicide Rate: Andaman & Nicobar Islands > Sikkim > Kerala.
• States with highest share of suicides: Maharashtra > Tamil Nadu > Madhya Pradesh > Karnataka > West Bengal.

3. Demographics:

• Male–Female Ratio: 72.8% : 27.2%.
• Farmer Suicides:
  - 10,786 cases (6.3% of total suicides).
  - Zero farmer suicides reported in: West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa.

Causes of Suicides (2023)

• Family Problems (31.9%) – excl. marriage-related.
• Illness (19.0%).
• Drug/Alcohol Addiction (7.0%).
• Marriage Related Issues (5.3%).
• Love Affairs (4.7%).
• Bankruptcy/Indebtedness (3.8%).
• Unemployment (1.8%).
• Failure in Examination (1.4%).

Suicide Prevention Initiatives

• National Suicide Prevention Strategy (2022): Target – reduce suicide mortality by 10% by 2030.
• Tele-MANAS: 24/7 free tele-mental health support.
• National Mental Health Programme (NMHP): Accessible, decentralized mental healthcare.
• Manodarpan (MoE initiative): Psychosocial support for students, teachers & families.

Six-Member Payments Regulatory Board Constituted by RBI

Why in News?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has constituted a six-member Payments Regulatory Board (PRB) under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007. This new body has replaced the Board for Regulation and Supervision of Payment and Settlement Systems (BPSS).

About Payments Regulatory Board (PRB)

1. Composition & Structure (Section 3 of PSS Act, 2007):

• Chairperson: Governor of the Reserve Bank (ex officio).
• Members:
  - Deputy Governor of RBI (in charge of Payment and Settlement Systems).
  - One officer of RBI nominated by its Central Board.
  - Three experts nominated by the Central Government (specialisation in payment systems, IT, cybersecurity, law).
• Permanent Invitee: Principal Legal Adviser of RBI.
• Additional Experts: RBI may invite permanent or ad-hoc experts for consultation.

2. Tenure & Eligibility:

a. Term: 4 years, non-renewable.

b. Resignation: Allowed with 6 weeks’ notice.

c. Disqualification:

• Age above 70 years.
• Declared insolvent.
• Criminal conviction (≥180 days imprisonment).
• Holding public office (MPs/MLAs etc.).

3. Functioning & Decision-Making:

• Meetings: At least twice a year.
• Quorum: 3 members (must include Chairperson/Deputy Governor + one nominated member).
• Voting: Decisions by majority.
• Casting Vote: Chairperson (or Deputy Governor in absence) has tie-breaking power.

Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007 – Key Highlights

1. Objective:

• To regulate and supervise all forms of payment systems in India, ranging from manual cheque clearing to advanced electronic transfers like RTGS and NEFT.

2. Regulator:

• RBI designated as the central authority for payment and settlement infrastructure.

3. Customer Protection:

• Prohibits unfair charges.
• Holds intermediaries accountable in case of system failures or lapses.

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