3 September 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 3 September 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams. 

25th SCO Council of Heads of State Summit – Tianjin Declaration

Why in News

The 25th Council of Heads of State Summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) was held in Tianjin, China, where member states adopted the Tianjin Declaration.

Key Highlights of the Tianjin Declaration

1. Regional Conflicts & Non-Proliferation

• Rejected double standards in counterterrorism efforts.
• Emphasized global cooperation to prevent cross-border movement of terrorists.
• Condemned the terrorist attack in Jammu & Kashmir’s Pahalgam, but did not mention Pakistan.
• Condemned military strikes by Israel and the U.S. on Iran.

2. UN Reform

• Called for adapting the UN to modern geopolitical realities.
• Sought greater representation of developing countries in governing bodies.

3. Sustainable Development & Social Agenda

• Supported equal rights for all nations in the development and use of Artificial Intelligence.
• Recognized India’s global vision of “One Earth, One Family, One Future”, reaffirming its leadership in inclusive development.

4. China’s Initiatives to Expand SCO Influence

• Opened SCO members’ access to BeiDou satellite system (China’s GPS alternative).
• Announced $1.4 billion in loans over three years.
• Proposed the creation of an SCO Development Bank.

SCO Plus Summit

• Chaired by China.
• Included member states, observers, dialogue partners, honoured guests, and international organisations.

India’s Stand at the Summit

PM emphasized that the SCO rests on three pillars:

• Security: safeguarding regional peace.
• Connectivity: positioning SCO as a global connectivity hub.
• Opportunity: promoting mutual economic growth.

About the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

• Headquarters: Beijing, China.
• Founded: 2001 (Shanghai Summit) by Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyz Republic, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan.
• Members: 10 countries.
• Observers: 2 states.
• Dialogue Partners: 15 (latest: Laos).
• Official Languages: Russian and Chinese.

Structure

• Council of Heads of States, apex decision-making body.
• Council of Heads of Governments, second-highest council.
• Permanent Bodies:
  - Secretariat (Beijing, China).
  - Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) – Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025 Comes into Force

Why in News?

The Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025 has come into effect, empowering the Central Government to regulate immigration, entry, and stay of foreigners in India.

Key Provisions of the Act

1. Repeal of Earlier Laws

Replaces:

• Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920
• Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939
• Foreigners Act, 1946
• Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act, 2000

2. Immigration Posts

• Central Government empowered to notify designated immigration posts for lawful entry and exit from India.

3. Bureau of Immigration

To be established for:

• Visa issuance
• Regulation of entry, transit, stay, and movement of foreigners

4. Registration of Foreigners

• Mandatory registration with a Registration Officer upon arrival in India.

5. Reporting Obligations

• Carriers (airlines, shipping lines), educational institutions, and medical institutions must report details of foreign passengers, students, or patients.

6. Offences & Penalties

Foreigners entering without valid documents face:

• Imprisonment up to 5 years
• Fine up to ₹5 lakh
• Or both

7. Power of Arrest

• Police officers (rank ≥ Head Constable) empowered to arrest without warrant.

8. Control of Premises

• Civil authority may order closure of premises frequented by foreigners or restrict their entry.

Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Amendment Rules, 2025

Why in News?

The Centre notified amendments to the Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Rules, 2023, under powers granted by the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.

Key Highlights

1. Streamlined Approval Process

• Validity of in-principle approval (Stage-I) extended from 2 to 5 years.
• Provision for offline applications in defense, national importance, and emergency projects.

2. Clear Definitions

• Stage-I = In-principle approval.
• Stage-II = Final approval.

3. Enhanced Compensatory Afforestation

• Introduced land banking systems.
• Existing central scheme afforestation allowed to meet compensatory requirements.
• States can transfer forest land to Forest Departments after Stage-I approval.

4. Strategic Resource Management

• Special provisions for critical mineral mining.
• Reduced minimum land use duration from 20 years to 10 years.

5. Strengthened Enforcement

• Expanded powers of forest officers to initiate legal proceedings.
• Enhanced monitoring and reporting mechanisms.

Evolution of the Forest (Conservation) Act

• Pre-1980: Forests under State List → widespread diversion for agriculture, industry, mining.
• 42nd Amendment (1976): Shifted forests to Concurrent List.
• Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980: Centralised control to curb deforestation.
• 1988 Amendment: Regulated leasing of forest land to private entities.
• Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023: Balanced development and ecological protection, aligned with climate goals.
• 2025 Amendment Rules: Further streamlining, resource management, and stricter enforcement.

Supreme Court to Reconsider Exemption of Minority Institutions from RTE Act

Why in News

The Supreme Court has referred to the Chief Justice of India the question of revisiting its 2014 Pramati Educational & Cultural Trust case judgement, which had exempted minority educational institutions from the ambit of the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009.

Background of the Case

2014 Judgement (Pramati Educational & Cultural Trust v. Union of India):

• Held that the RTE Act cannot apply to minority institutions (aided or unaided).
• Justified on grounds of Article 30(1), which protects the right of linguistic and religious minorities to establish and administer their own educational institutions.

Key Observations of the Court (2025 Review)

1. RTE and Minority Rights Can Co-exist:

• The Court noted that implementation of the RTE Act does not erode the minority character of institutions.
• Article 21A (free and compulsory education for children aged 6–14) and Article 30(1) can mutually co-exist.

2. Concerns with Exemption:

• Blanket exemption weakens the common schooling system and the inclusivity envisioned under Article 21A.
• Fragmentation undermines the constitutional goal of universal and equitable education.

3. Clarification on 25% Reservation:

• The RTE Act does not mandate that disadvantaged children admitted under the 25% quota must belong to different communities.
• Minority institutions can extend this benefit to children from their own minority community.

About the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009

• Provides free and compulsory education for children aged 6–14 years.
• Mandates 25% seat reservation in private schools for children from economically weaker and disadvantaged groups.
• Obligates the government to ensure children are not deprived of elementary education due to social or economic barriers.

Marine Biodiversity Treaty Preparatory Commission Concludes Second Session

Why in News?

The Preparatory Commission of the Marine Biodiversity Treaty—formally called the Agreement under UNCLOS on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement)—recently concluded its second session.

About the BBNJ Agreement

1. Adoption:

• Finalized in 2023 by the Intergovernmental Conference on Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, under the UN framework.

2. Status:

It is the third implementing agreement to UNCLOS, following:

• 1994 Part XI Implementation Agreement
• 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement

Scope and Objectives

• Purpose: Conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ), commonly known as the High Seas.
• High Seas: Open to all states for navigation, overflight, laying submarine cables, pipelines, etc.

Key Provisions

• Marine Genetic Resources (MGRs): Ensures fair and equitable sharing of benefits from MGRs.
• Area-Based Management Tools (ABMTs): Includes establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).
• Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs): Mandates evaluations before high-sea projects are undertaken.
• Capacity-Building & Technology Transfer: Facilitates knowledge-sharing and supp:ort for developing nations.

Institutional Framework

1. Establishes:

• Conference of the Parties (COP)
• Clearing-House Mechanism
• Dedicated Secretariat

2. Introduces a funding mechanism to support implementation.

India’s Position

Signed the treaty but is yet to ratify it.

Niveshak Didi – Phase II of Financial Literacy Initiative

Why in News?

The Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (IEPFA) has launched Phase II of its flagship initiative – Niveshak Didi, aimed at strengthening financial literacy in rural India.

About the Initiative

1. Objective:

• To enhance financial awareness among rural communities.
• To empower women with knowledge of savings, investments, and financial rights.

2. Approach:

• Women-centric financial literacy sessions, awareness campaigns, and grassroots-level engagement.

About IEPFA

1. Establishment:

• Set up under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs as per the Companies Act, 2013.

2. Mandate:

• Investor education, awareness, and protection.

3. Key Functions:

• Administers the Investor Education and Protection Fund (IEPF).
• Facilitates refunds of:
  - Unclaimed dividends
  - Matured deposits/debentures
  - Shares, application money, and interest thereon
• Conducts awareness drives on financial literacy and responsible investing.

PRATUSH – Probing Reionization of the Universe

Why in News?

A team from the Raman Research Institute (RRI), Bengaluru – an autonomous institute under the Department of Science and Technology (DST) – is developing PRATUSH, a future radiometer mission.

About PRATUSH

1. Full Form:

• Probing Reionization of the Universe using Signal from Hydrogen.

2. Type:

• A radiometer in lunar orbit (future space-based instrument).

3. Purpose:

• To study the history of the Universe after the Big Bang, particularly the Cosmic Dawn and Epoch of Reionization.
• To detect faint radio signals from hydrogen atoms in the early Universe.
• These signals provide imprints of the first stars, galaxies, and black holes.

Significance

• Will offer first-of-its-kind insights into how the Universe transformed from darkness after the Big Bang to a star- and galaxy-rich cosmos.
• Complements global efforts like EDGES, SARAS, and other cosmology missions.
• Enhances India’s role in frontline space-based astronomy research.

Adi Vaani – India’s First AI-Powered Tribal Language Translation Platform

Why in News?

The Ministry of Tribal Affairs launched the Beta version of Adi Vaani, a first-of-its-kind AI-enabled platform for tribal language translation.

About Adi Vaani

• Nature: AI-powered translation platform dedicated to tribal languages.
• Developed under: Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh.
• Objective: To bridge communication gaps between tribal and non-tribal communities.

Current Language Coverage

• Supported (Beta stage): Santali (Odisha), Bhili (Madhya Pradesh), Mundari (Jharkhand), Gondi (Chhattisgarh)
• Under Development: Kui, Garo

Significance of the Initiative

• Language Preservation: Digitization of endangered tribal languages.
• Access to Services: Improves reach of education, healthcare, and governance in native languages.
• Tribal Entrepreneurship: Enables wider communication and market access.
• Research Resource: Serves as a knowledge repository for linguists and scholars.

Solar Energetic Electrons (SEE)

Why in News?

The Solar Orbiter (SO), a joint mission of NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA), has successfully traced the origin of Solar Energetic Electrons (SEE).

About Solar Energetic Electrons (SEE)

1. Definition:

• High-energy electrons generated on the Sun and expelled into space at nearly the speed of light.

2. Types:

• Flare-associated SEE → Linked to intense solar flares, i.e., explosions from smaller surface patches of the Sun.
• CME-associated SEE → Connected with Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), i.e., massive eruptions of hot plasma and magnetic fields from the solar atmosphere.

Importance

1. Scientific Significance:

• Helps trace the mechanisms of particle acceleration in solar events.
• Provides insights into the Sun–Earth connection.

2. Practical Relevance (Space Weather):

• Can disrupt satellite communication.
• Affects GPS navigation systems.
• May lead to power supply interruptions on Earth.

Yudh Abhyas 2025

Why in News?

The Indian Army contingent is participating in the 21st edition of the India–US Joint Military Exercise Yudh Abhyas 2025.

About Yudh Abhyas

• Initiated: Conducted annually since 2004.
• Participants: Indian Army & United States Army.
• Nature: Bilateral military exercise focusing on interoperability, tactical drills, and joint operational capabilities.

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