30 July 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Five Years of National Education Policy (NEP) 2020

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 marked a significant shift in India's approach to education, aiming to build a knowledge-driven, equitable society grounded in Indian cultural ethos. Five years since its launch, the policy has catalyzed multiple reforms across school and higher education systems.

Major Milestones Achieved

1. Structural and Curricular Reforms:

• Transition to 5+3+3+4 educational structure guided by the National Curriculum Framework for School Education (NCF – SE 2023).
• Emphasis on Competency – based, Experiential Learning across Subjects and Stages.

2. Early Learning and Foundational Literacy:

• Initiatives like NIPUN Bharat and Vidya Pravesh have supported foundational learning for over 4.2 crore children in approximately 8.9 lakh schools.

3. Promoting Inclusion:

• Enrollment of over 7.58 lakh girls and 1.15 lakh students from Socially and Economically Disadvantaged Groups (SEDGs) in residential schools.
• Tools like the PRASHAST app introduced to support disability screening and inclusion.

4. Teacher Capacity Building:

• Over 4 lakh teachers have been trained under NISHTHA, India’s flagship capacity-building initiative.

5. Technology Integration:

• Internet access now available in 72% of schools.
• Digital platforms like DIKSHA, PM eVidya, Vidyanjali, and innovative tools like e-Jaadui Pitara (AI-based learning for early learners) introduced to bridge learning gaps.

6. Streamlined Assessments:

• Introduction of Common University Entrance Test (CUET) in 2022 as a single-window entry for undergraduate admissions across central universities.

Key Pillars and Vision Areas

• Universal Access: Targeting 100% Gross Enrollment Ratio from pre-primary to secondary level by 2030.
• Competency-Based Pedagogy: Implementation of learning outcomes-focused curricula under NCF-SE 2023, replacing rote learning.
• Flexibility in Education: Emphasis on seamless movement between academic and vocational tracks with tools like the Academic Bank of Credits.
• Language and Cultural Roots: Encourages mother tongue/local language as the medium of instruction up to Grade 5, preferably till Grade 8, to boost comprehension and retention.
• Inclusive and Equitable Education: Schemes like Gender Inclusion Fund and Special Education Zones aim to uplift learners from disadvantaged backgrounds.
• Evaluation and Accountability: Establishment of PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development) to reform the examination and assessment system.

Institutional Overhauls and Innovation

• Development of MERUs (Multidisciplinary Education and Research Universities) and the National Research Foundation (NRF) to foster research excellence.
• Proposal to create the Higher Education Commission of India (HECI), replacing existing regulatory bodies, to streamline governance.

Challenges in Implementation

• Centre-State Coordination Issues: Some states (e.g., Kerala, West Bengal) have opposed initiatives like PM-SHRI that require full NEP adoption.
• Three-Language Policy: Resistance from certain states on its practicality.
• Delayed Reforms: Pending implementation of HECI and curriculum frameworks for teacher education.

India Presents Third Voluntary National Review (VNR) at UN High-Level Political Forum (HLPF) 2025

India, through NITI Aayog, submitted its Third Voluntary National Review at the 2025 HLPF in New York, showcasing its “Whole-of-Government and Whole-of-Society” approach to achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

What is VNR?

• Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs) are country-led evaluations that track progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• Aimed at fostering global experience sharing, the VNR process promotes policy learning, good practices, and accelerated implementation of SDGs.

India’s SDG Implementation Strategy

India has adopted a data-driven, decentralized model to mainstream the SDGs through:

• SDG India Index
• North Eastern Region District SDG Index
• National Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

Key Highlights from India’s 2025 VNR

1. SDG 1 (No Poverty):

• Approx. 248 million people exited multidimensional poverty between 2013–14 and 2022–23, as per NITI Aayog estimates.

2. SDG 2 (Zero Hunger):

• The PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana provided free food grain to over 800 million people, ensuring food and nutrition security.

3. SDG 3 (Good Health & Wellbeing):

• Out-of-Pocket Expenditure reduced from 48.8% (2017–18) to 39.4% (2020–21), indicating better financial protection in health.

4. Clean Energy Transition:

Major schemes include:

• National Green Hydrogen Mission
• PM-KUSUM (Solar for Agriculture)

5. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI):

• Initiatives like Aadhaar, Digital India, and UPI have revolutionized service delivery.
• UPI accounts for 49% of global real-time digital payments, underscoring India’s global leadership in DPI.

About the High-Level Political Forum (HLPF)

Living Wage Under Consideration by Ministry of Labour and Employment (MoLE)

The Union Ministry of Labour and Employment (MoLE) has initiated discussions on introducing a ‘Living Wage’ framework in India, aimed at improving overall worker welfare and enhancing female labour force participation.

Why the Shift from Minimum Wage to Living Wage?

• At present, India enforces minimum wages under the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, and the Code on Wages, 2019 mandates their application across all sectors and employment types (public, private, organized, and unorganized).
• However, the minimum wage primarily ensures subsistence, while the living wage is designed to ensure a dignified standard of living for workers and their families.

Significance of a Living Wage

Key Definitions & Legal Backing

Way Forward

• National consultation is expected on defining, measuring, and institutionalizing a living wage standard.
• It may lead to wage floor revision, especially for informal and low-paid sectors.
• Aligning with ILO conventions and SDG targets on decent work and economic growth (SDG 8).

State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) 2025 Report

The SOFI 2025 Report, jointly prepared by FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, and WHO, provides a comprehensive global assessment of progress toward SDG 2, which aims to eliminate hunger and all forms of malnutrition.

Global Trends in Food Security and Nutrition

• Global hunger levels have declined slightly, with 8.2% of the global population affected in 2024—showing improvement compared to 2022.
• However, hunger continues to intensify in several subregions, notably in Africa and Western Asia.
• Moderate to severe food insecurity has shown a steady decline since 2021.
• Food prices surged throughout 2023 and 2024, increasing the global average cost of a healthy diet, mainly due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine conflict, which disrupted global food supply chains.

Affordability of Healthy Diets

• Despite rising costs, the number of people unable to afford a healthy diet globally fell from 2.76 billion in 2019 to 2.60 billion in 2024, suggesting some resilience in access or affordability mechanisms.
• A concerning upward trend persists in lower-middle-income countries, excluding India, where affordability of nutritious diets continues to deteriorate.

Nutrition-Related Health Trends

• The prevalence of anaemia among women (15-49 years) is increasing globally.
• Adult obesity has seen a significant rise-from 12.1% in 2012 to 15.8% in 2022, reflecting dietary imbalances and lifestyle changes.

Insights Specific to India

• India has not followed the global trend of deteriorating affordability in lower-middle-income countries.
• Mobile technology adoption by fishermen and wholesalers in Kerala has led to reduced price volatility and post-harvest losses, showcasing a successful model of tech-enabled food system efficiency.

Recommendations from SOFI 2025

To address persistent challenges, the report emphasizes:

• Time-bound fiscal interventions, such as temporary tax relief on essential food items and targeted social protection schemes.
• Coordinated fiscal and monetary policies to stabilize food markets and curb inflation.
• Strengthening agricultural market intelligence systems to reduce price volatility and prevent speculative practices.

About SOFI

1. SOFI (State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World) is the flagship annual report tracking global and regional progress towards SDG 2.1 (ending hunger) and 2.2 (eliminating malnutrition).

2. It is collaboratively published by:

• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)
• IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development)
• UNICEF
• WFP (World Food Programme)
• WHO (World Health Organization)

Understanding True Polar Wander

True Polar Wander is a geophysical phenomenon in which Earth’s solid outer layers (the crust and mantle) slowly rotate around its liquid outer core. This reorientation helps maintain equilibrium in the planet’s rotation, compensating for shifts in mass distribution.

Natural Causes of TPW

Historically, TPW has been associated with natural forces such as:

• Melting of glaciers and polar ice sheets
• Tectonic movements
• Redistribution of ocean water masses

Role of Dams in Accelerating TPW

The study highlights how large-scale dam construction has significantly contributed to TPW.

• Mechanism: Artificial reservoirs store enormous volumes of freshwater that would otherwise be part of oceanic systems.
• Result: This inland water storage causes a redistribution of Earth’s mass, prompting subtle but measurable shifts in the planet’s rotational axis.
• Variation in Impact: The degree of shift depends on the size, volume, and geographic location of the dams.

Consequences of Pole Shifts

• Satellite and Navigation Disruptions: Earth’s changing orientation may affect satellites and astronomical instruments that rely on precise rotational data.
• Lengthening of Days: These pole shifts have also been linked to a gradual increase in the length of Earth’s day—an effect that is accelerating over time.

BRICS Culture Ministers Convene in Brasilia to Strengthen Cultural Cooperation

The recent BRICS Ministers of Culture Meeting, held in Brasilia, Brazil, focused on deepening collaboration in the fields of culture and creativity among member nations.

Key Outcomes

1. Launch of a BRICS Cultural Platform

• Member countries agreed to establish a dedicated platform aimed at promoting cultural and creative industries across the BRICS bloc.
• The initiative seeks to:
  - Develop cultural infrastructure
  - Facilitate content sharing
  - Support artist mobility and exchange
  - Promote joint cultural projects

2. Culture in the Post-2030 Global Agenda

• BRICS endorsed the inclusion of culture as a standalone goal in the global development framework beyond 2030.
• This aligns with the vision set out at UNESCO’s MONDIACULT Conference on Cultural Policies and Sustainable Development.

3. Acknowledgement of Culture-Based Climate Action

• The group also recognized the relevance of the UNFCCC’s Group of Friends of Culture-Based Climate Action (GFCBCA), highlighting the role of culture in advancing climate goals.

Australia and UK Sign Geelong Treaty for Nuclear Submarine Collaboration under AUKUS

Australia and the United Kingdom have signed the Geelong Treaty, a landmark bilateral agreement under AUKUS Pillar I, aimed at advancing cooperation on nuclear-powered submarine development.

Key Highlights

• Bilateral Nature: The Geelong Treaty is a bilateral agreement exclusively between Australia and the UK. The United States is not a party to this treaty.
• Strategic Scope: The treaty facilitates 50 years of strategic collaboration, focusing on the design and construction of a new generation of nuclear-powered submarines.
• Geopolitical Context: Although AUKUS is a trilateral security partnership involving the US, UK, and Australia, this specific agreement reflects UK–Australia bilateral engagement under Pillar I of AUKUS, which centers on nuclear propulsion technology.
• US Political Dynamics: The Trump administration has launched a review to assess whether the broader AUKUS submarine deal aligns with its "America First" policy.

About AUKUS

1. AUKUS is a strategic security alliance among Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, aimed at strengthening defence technology cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region.

2. It encompasses two pillars:

• Pillar I: Sharing of nuclear propulsion technology
• Pillar II: Joint development of advanced defence capabilities including AI, cyber, and quantum technologies

Divya Deshmukh Clinches FIDE Women’s World Cup 2025, Defeats Humpy Koneru

Indian chess prodigy Divya Deshmukh emerged victorious in the FIDE Women’s World Cup 2025, held in Batumi, Georgia, by defeating veteran Humpy Koneru in the final. She becomes the third Indian to win the prestigious tournament.

Key Highlights

• Historic Win: Divya is now the third Indian woman to claim the FIDE Women’s World Cup title, marking a significant milestone in Indian chess.
• Grandmaster Trail: With this victory, she becomes eligible to pursue the title of Grandmaster (GM), potentially becoming India’s fourth woman GM, after Koneru Humpy, Harika Dronavalli, and Vaishali Rameshbabu.
• About the Tournament: The FIDE Women’s World Cup is a knockout-format chess tournament distinct from the Women’s World Chess Championship, and it is organized by FIDE—the International Chess Federation.

About FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs)

• Role: FIDE serves as the global governing authority for chess, overseeing all major international competitions and setting rules and rating standards.
• Headquarters: Currently based in Lausanne, Switzerland, FIDE was originally established in Paris in 1924.

Kaziranga Conducts First Grassland Bird Census Using Acoustic Monitoring

The Prime Minister commended the launch of the first-ever grassland bird census at Kaziranga National Park, Assam. This innovative survey employed the Acoustic Monitoring Technique to track elusive and rare bird species in the park’s grasslands.

UN Nelson Mandela Prize 2025: Honouring Global Humanitarian Efforts

The United Nations Secretary-General awarded the Nelson Mandela Prize 2025 to Brenda Reynolds (Canada) and Kennedy Odede (Kenya) for their exceptional service to humanity.

Preah Vihear Temple: A Sacred Monument at the Heart of a Border Dispute

The Preah Vihear Temple, known in Thailand as Phra Viharn, remains a focal point of the territorial contention between Thailand and Cambodia.

• Location: Situated atop the Dangrek mountain range, the temple straddles the Thailand-Cambodia border, giving it both strategic and symbolic importance.
• Historical Significance: Constructed during the 11th to 12th centuries, the temple stands as a testament to the architectural and cultural zenith of the Khmer Empire.
• Religious Importance: Dedicated to Lord Shiva, it is revered as a sacred site by people in both countries.
• UNESCO Recognition: In 2008, the temple was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under Cambodia’s jurisdiction, intensifying the longstanding sovereignty dispute.

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