30 October 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Evolving Geopolitical Centrality of the Western Indian Ocean Region

China has recently deployed a new naval fleet for escort missions in the Gulf of Aden and off the coast of Somalia, highlighting the growing strategic competition in the Western Indian Ocean Region (WIOR).

Significance of the Western Indian Ocean Region

1. Strategic and Geopolitical Importance:

• Acts as a vital maritime corridor linking Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.
• Critical Chokepoints: Includes some of the world’s most sensitive maritime routes such as the Strait of Hormuz, Bab-el-Mandeb, and the Mozambique Channel.

2. Energy Security:

• Strait of Hormuz alone handles about 20% of global oil shipments, making the region critical for global energy flows.

3. Economic Value:

• WIOR’s estimated ocean asset base stands at USD 333.8 billion, contributing to trade, fisheries, and marine-based industries.

4. Gateway to Africa:

• Serves as a maritime bridge connecting Asian markets to Africa’s growing economies, enhancing trade and investment prospects.

India’s Strategic Interests in WIOR

• Indo-Pacific Vision: Reinforces India’s Indo-Pacific cooperation and partnerships with like-minded nations such as France and Japan to maintain a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific.
• Net Security Provider: Expands India’s capacity as a “net security provider”, supporting regional maritime stability through naval presence and joint operations.
• Blue Economy Integration: The region plays a key role in India’s Deep Ocean Mission and initiatives promoting sustainable use of marine resources.

Challenges in the WIOR

• Rising Chinese Footprint: China’s expanding presence through debt-trap diplomacy, port infrastructure, and military bases (e.g., Djibouti base, Gwadar port in Pakistan) threatens India’s strategic space.
• Maritime Security Threats: Increasing cases of piracy, arms and narcotics trafficking, and illegal fishing undermine maritime governance.
• Regional Conflicts: Instability in areas like Yemen (Houthi conflict) affects trade and energy supply chains.
• Non-Traditional Threats: Climate change, marine pollution, and environmental degradation pose emerging challenges to maritime security and livelihoods.

India’s Initiatives to Safeguard Its Interests

1. SAGAR Doctrine:

• India’s vision of “Security and Growth for All in the Region” aims to promote collective maritime security and regional prosperity.

2. Multilateral Engagement:

• Active participation in regional frameworks like Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) and Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS)

3. Defence Cooperation & Exercises:

• Regular joint exercises such as Konkan (India–UK) and bilateral naval drills with regional partners enhance interoperability and maritime capacity.

4. Strategic Partnerships with Island Nations:

• Infrastructure support to Mauritius’ Agalega Island (runway and jetty development) reflects India’s strategic outreach.

5. Maritime Domain Awareness:

• Establishment of the Information Fusion Centre–Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) for real-time surveillance and information sharing.
• Operation Sankalp reinforces India’s role as a “First Responder” and “Preferred Security Partner” in the Indian Ocean.
• Development of Chabahar Port (Iran) as a key node for regional connectivity.

Draft Guidelines for Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Released

The Government of India has released draft guidelines for Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) aimed at promoting cleaner utilization of coal resources while ensuring scientific mine management and environmental safety.

Key Provisions of the Draft Guidelines

• Comprehensive Planning: Mandates preparation of mining plans, pilot feasibility studies, and mine closure plans for UCG blocks.
• Environmental Safeguards: Requires groundwater monitoring, post-mining rehabilitation, and adoption of eco-restorative measures.
• Financial Assurance: Companies must maintain an escrow account with the Coal Controller’s Organisation (CCO) to ensure scientific mine closure and reclamation.

About Coal Controller’s Organisation (CCO)

1. Nodal Agency:

• Under the Ministry of Coal.

2. Functions:

• Maintains national coal production data for both public and private mines.
• Acts as the appellate authority in disputes related to coal grading and sizing.
• Ensures compliance with coal mining standards and reporting.

What is Coal Gasification?

• Definition: A thermochemical process that converts coal into syngas - a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and methane (CH₄).
• Process: Involves partial oxidation of coal under high temperature and pressure, often integrated with carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems to reduce emissions.
• Applications: Syngas can be used for power generation, and production of methanol, ammonia, urea, and liquid fuels, enabling cleaner coal utilization.

Challenges for Coal Gasification in India

• High Capital Cost: Significant investment required in gasifiers, CO₂ capture, and downstream processing units.
• Technological Barriers: Global gasification technologies are optimized for low-ash coal, while India’s high-ash coal poses operational and efficiency challenges.
• Coal Supply Uncertainty: Inconsistent quality and lack of long-term assured coal linkages hinder continuous operation.
• Cost Competitiveness: High input costs (coal, oxygen, and water) make domestic gasification less viable compared to imported LNG or natural gas.

Electronics Component Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS), 2025

7 projects approved under ECMS to enable large-scale production of key electronic components used in smartphones, automobiles, telecom, industrial, and medical devices.

About the Scheme

• Launched: April 2025
• Outlay: ₹22,919 crore
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)

Objective

To build a self-sustaining ecosystem for electronics component manufacturing in India by:

• Attracting domestic and global investments across the electronics value chain.
• Promoting higher domestic value addition.
• Positioning India as a key player in global electronics trade.

Key Features

1. Targeted Segments:

• Sub-assemblies: Display and camera modules
• Bare components: Non-surface mount devices (NSMDs)

2. Incentive Structure:

• Turnover-linked incentive: 6 years (with 1-year gestation period)
• Capex incentive: 5 years

India’s Electronics Sector Snapshot

1. Share in GDP:

• ~3.4%

2. Production Growth:

• ₹1.9 lakh crore (2014–15) → ₹11.3 lakh crore (2024–25) (6× increase)

3. Exports:

• ₹38,000 crore → ₹3.27 lakh crore (8× increase)

4. Global Standing:

• 2nd largest mobile phone manufacturer in the world
• 3rd largest & fastest growing export category (2024–25)

Gyan Bharatam Mission

The Government has signed MoUs with 17 institutions to expand work under the ‘Gyan Bharatam’ Mission, which aims to preserve and digitally revive India’s manuscript heritage.

About Gyan Bharatam Mission

Vision: To preserve, digitize, and disseminate India’s vast manuscript heritage while reviving its civilizational and traditional knowledge systems for future generations.

Key Features

1. Definition of Manuscript:

• A handwritten composition on paper, bark, or palm leaf that is at least 75 years old and holds scientific, historical, or aesthetic value.

2. Objectives:

• Digitize and catalog over 1 crore manuscripts across India.
• Create a National Digital Repository of Manuscripts for public and research access.
• Integrate advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Optical Character Recognition (OCR), and Blockchain for smart access, transcription, authentication, and provenance tracking.

3. Strategic Pillars:

• Scholarly Leadership: Academic and research collaboration.
• Technological Integration: Digital preservation and access.
• Capacity Building: Training in manuscript conservation and cataloguing.
• Public Engagement: Awareness and participation of communities and cultural institutions.

Nodal Ministry

Ministry of Culture, Government of India.

Panda Diplomacy

Key Features

China has sent golden snub-nosed monkeys to France and Belgium, promoting scientific and conservation partnerships—an initiative comparable to its traditional Panda Diplomacy approach.

• Definition: A form of soft diplomacy where China gifts or loans giant pandas to other nations to symbolize friendship, goodwill, and strengthened diplomatic relations.
• Purpose: Used as a strategic tool to build bilateral ties, enhance cultural exchange, and promote wildlife conservation cooperation.
• Notable Recipients: Countries such as the United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom have hosted pandas under such agreements.

Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys

• Scientific Name: Rhinopithecus roxellana
• Habitat: Central and southwestern China, particularly in the Sichuan and Gansu regions.
• Conservation Status: Endangered; protected under Chinese conservation programs.
• Significance: Their transfer to foreign zoos fosters joint research on primate behavior, biodiversity, and habitat conservation.

Other Examples of Animal Diplomacy

• Orangutan Diplomacy: Malaysia
• Koala Diplomacy: Australia
• Elephant Diplomacy: Thailand

National Seeds Corporation

The Union Agriculture Minister inaugurated a state-of-the-art seed processing plant established by the National Seeds Corporation (NSC) to boost seed quality and productivity in the agriculture sector.

Key Features

• Established: 1963
• Category: Schedule ‘B’- Miniratna Category-I Corporation
• Ownership: Wholly owned by the Government of India
• Administrative Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare

Objectives and Functions

• Promotion of Seed Industry: To encourage the development of a robust and competitive seed industry in India.
• Supply of Quality Seeds: Ensures availability of certified, high-yielding, and disease-resistant seeds to farmers.
• Enhancing Agricultural Productivity: Contributes to national food security by improving crop productivity through superior seed varieties.
• Support Services: Provides allied agro-inputs, training, and extension services to strengthen the seed supply chain.

Loktak Lake

A recent study has linked land use changes to water pollution in Manipur’s Loktak Lake, which shares part of its ecosystem with the Keibul Lamjao National Park.

Key Features

1. Location:

• Manipur.

2. Significance:

• Largest freshwater lake in Northeast India.

3. Unique Feature:

• Known for its phumdis - floating islands of vegetation, soil, and organic matter.

4. Conservation Status:

• Ramsar Site: Since 1990.
• Montreux Record: Since 1993 (due to ecological degradation).

About Keibul Lamjao National Park

1. Location:

• Southern Bishnupur and eastern Thoubal districts of Manipur.

2. Declared:

• Wildlife Sanctuary in 1954 and National Park in 1977.

3. Unique Feature:

• The only floating National Park in the world.

4. Ecological Link:

• The park contains the largest area of phumdis within Loktak Lake.

5. Important Fauna:

• Sangai (Brow-antlered deer) - Manipur’s state animal and found only here.
• Hog Deer and Otter.

Burevestnik missile

Russia has successfully conducted a test of its nuclear-powered and nuclear-capable Burevestnik missile, signaling advancements in its next-generation strategic weapons program.

• Type: Long-range, low-flying, nuclear-powered cruise missile.
• Category: Part of six advanced strategic weapons under Russia’s new nuclear arsenal modernization.
• Propulsion: Powered by a jet engine, allowing sustained flight throughout its trajectory.
• Capability: Designed to carry a nuclear warhead, providing near-unlimited range and maneuverability to evade missile defense systems.
• Objective: To enhance Russia’s nuclear deterrence by ensuring second-strike capability even against advanced missile shields.

Stablecoin

Japan has launched the world’s first yen-pegged stablecoin, marking a major step in integrating blockchain technology with traditional finance.

1. Definition:

• A blockchain-based digital currency pegged to a fiat currency (such as the yen or dollar) to maintain a stable value.

2. Purpose:

• Ensures fast, low-cost, and secure digital transactions while reducing volatility seen in cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin.

3. Significance:

• Acts as a bridge between traditional financial systems and the crypto ecosystem.

4. Examples:

• Tether (USDT) - pegged to the U.S. dollar.
• USD Coin (USDC) - dollar-backed stablecoin used globally for payments and trading.

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