30 September 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 30 September 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

Two Wetlands in Bihar Notified as Ramsar Sites

Why in News

• Gokul Reservoir (Buxar) and Udaipur Lake (West Champaran) in Bihar have recently been designated as Ramsar Sites.
• With this recognition, the total number of Ramsar Sites in India has risen to 93, covering an area of 1,360,719 hectares.

Key Highlights

1. Existing Ramsar Sites in Bihar:

• Kabar Jheel (Begusarai)
• Nagi Bird Sanctuary (Jamui)
• Nakti Bird Sanctuary (Jamui)

2. About the New Sites:

a. Gokul Reservoir (Buxar district)

• Location: Southern edge of the Ganga River.
• Type: Oxbow lake formed due to river meandering.

b. Udaipur Lake (West Champaran district)

• Surrounded by Udaipur Wildlife Sanctuary.
• Ecological Significance: Acts as a key wintering ground for migratory birds, including the common pochard (Aythya ferina).
• Type: Oxbow lake.

Understanding Oxbow Lakes

A crescent-shaped lake formed when a river meander is cut off from the main channel due to erosion and deposition.

About Ramsar Convention

• Adopted: 1971 at Ramsar (Iran).
• Under: UNESCO, as an intergovernmental treaty.
• Objective: Framework for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.
• Criteria for Designation: A site must meet at least one of nine criteria, e.g., Regularly supporting 20,000+ waterbirds, or Conserving biodiversity and rare species.
• India’s Membership: Ratified in 1982.

India’s Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve Added to UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves

Why in News

• UNESCO has designated India’s Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve as part of 26 new sites included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR).
• With this, India now has 13 sites in WNBR, which globally totals 785 sites.
• Additionally, São Tomé and Príncipe (Central Africa) became the first nation to have its entire territory recognised as a biosphere reserve.

About Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve

1. Location:

• India’s first high-altitude cold desert biosphere reserve.
• Spans from Ladakh (Leh & Kargil districts) in the north to Spiti Valley & Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh) in the south.

2. Protected Areas Covered:

• Pin Valley National Park
• Chandratal
• Sarchu
• Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary

3. Biome Characteristics:

• Cold Desert ecosystem – among the coldest and driest in the WNBR.
• Reasons for harsh climate:
  - Located in the rain-shadow region of the Himalayas.
  - Very high altitude, leading to extreme aridity.

4. Cultural Significance:

• Strong Buddhist influence, with: Gompas (monasteries); Chorten (stupas) and Mani walls (stone inscriptions)
• Buddhist Chanting of Ladakh already listed in UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

5. Faunal Diversity:

• Snow Leopard
• Himalayan Ibex
• Blue Sheep
• Himalayan Wolf
• Golden Eagle, among others

About UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR)

1. Launched:

• 1976

2. Managed by:

• UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme (est. 1971).

3. Objective:

• Strengthen the balance between human societies and natural ecosystems.
• Promote conservation, scientific research, and sustainable development.

Stampede at Political Rally in Karur, Tamil Nadu

Why in News

A tragic stampede occurred at a political rally in Karur, Tamil Nadu, drawing attention to recurring crowd-related disasters in India.

Understanding Stampedes

Definition: An impulsive, uncontrolled mass movement of people that often results in serious injuries and fatalities.

Stampede Trends in India

• Recorded incidents (last 3 decades): Nearly 4,000.
• Fatalities (2000–2022): Around 3,074 lives lost.
• Major settings: Predominantly during religious gatherings, followed by political and social events.

Causes & Triggers of Crowd Disasters

1. Human Behaviour:

• Breakdown of Cooperation (Mintz’s Theory): Panic situations initially allow cooperation, but once disrupted, it collapses, intensifying chaos.
• Craze (Smelser’s Theory): Describes irrational crowd rush driven by the pursuit of gratification, even against self-interest.

2. Structural Causes:

• Blocked exits or evacuation routes.
• Poor lighting or inadequate infrastructure.

3. Management Flaws:

• Miscommunication: Example – Tirupati 2025 incident, where a rumor about ticket counters opening caused a rush.
• Ineffective crowd segregation and poor planning of entry/exit routes.

NDMA Guidelines on Crowd Management

1. Capacity Planning:

• Monitor visitor inflow.
• Ensure essential facilities (water, rest areas).
• Use multiple entry and exit routes.

2. Risk & Vulnerability Analysis:

• Anticipate threats at large gatherings.
• Prepare contingency measures for rescue and relief.

3. Action Plan Development:

• Define possible scenarios.
• Allocate and match required resources with availability.

India Launches First Fully Indigenous 4G (5G-ready) Network

Why in News

• India’s first fully indigenous 4G (5G-ready) network has been deployed by BSNL, developed in collaboration with C-DOT, Tejas Networks, and TCS.
• This achievement positions India among the select nations with the capability to independently design, develop, and deploy advanced telecom technologies.

Significance of Indigenous 4G Stack

1. Strategic Autonomy:

• Reduces reliance on foreign vendors and imported telecom technology.
• Enhances national security by ensuring domestic control over telecom infrastructure.

2. Cloud-Native Architecture:

• Supports rapid upgrades and scalability.
• Simplifies future migration to 5G and 6G networks.

3. Improved Accessibility:

• Expands digital connectivity to tribal regions, remote villages, and hilly areas.
• Bridges the digital divide across India.

4. Supply Chain Development:

• Boosts local manufacturing and deployment.
• Generates employment, strengthens domestic supplier networks, and develops a skilled workforce.

5. Global Positioning:

• India now joins the top five countries with the ability to launch fully indigenous 4G services.

India’s Progress in 5G & 6G Technologies

1. 5G Rollout (Launched in 2022):

• Expanded to all States and Union Territories, covering most districts.

2. 6G Development:

a. Expected launch by 2030.

b. Key initiatives include:

• Bharat 6G Vision for roadmap formulation.
• Establishment of 100 5G labs in academic institutions.
• Creation of Bharat 6G Alliance to foster R&D and global collaboration.

NCR Records Highest Ozone Pollution Levels

Why in News

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has reported that the Delhi-NCR region experiences the highest ozone (O₃) pollution in India, followed by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR).

About Ozone (O₃)

1. Composition:

• A molecule of three oxygen atoms.

2. Occurrence:

• Stratosphere (upper layer): Acts as a shield by absorbing harmful UV radiation.
• Troposphere (ground level, up to ~10 km): Functions as a harmful air pollutant.

3. Standards:

• 8-hourly limit → 100 µg/m³
• 1-hour limit → 180 µg/m³

Ground-Level Ozone (GLO)

• Nature: A secondary pollutant, short-lived (hours to weeks).
• Formation: Produced through chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight.

Sources

1. Anthropogenic (human-made):

• Vehicular emissions
• Thermal power plants
• Residential fuel use
• Agricultural burning

2. Natural:

• Soil-based NOx emissions
• Wildfire-induced carbon monoxide (CO)
• Methane emissions from biospheric processes

Impacts of Ground-Level Ozone

1. Health:

• Aggravates bronchitis and asthma.
• Causes respiratory irritation and reduced lung function.

2. Climate:

• Acts as a short-lived climate pollutant by absorbing radiation.
• Functions as a greenhouse gas.

3. Environment & Agriculture:

• Major constituent of smog.
• Disrupts photosynthesis and reduces crop productivity.
• Stunts growth of certain plant species, threatening ecosystems.

India Hosts High-Level Global South Meeting at UNGA Week

Why in News

During the UN General Assembly (UNGA) week, India convened a high-level meeting of like-minded Global South countries to enhance consultations and collectively push for UN and multilateral reforms.

Understanding the Global South

• Refers to developing nations across Latin America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania.
• Shared historical background of colonial exploitation, economic marginalization, and developmental challenges.

Role of the Global South in Emerging World Order

1. Multilateral Reforms:

• Demand restructuring of global governance institutions like the UN Security Council, World Bank, and WTO.
• Aim: Establish a fairer and more inclusive world order.

2. Economic Significance:

• Contribute a major share to global GDP growth.
• Possess large consumer markets and younger workforces, enhancing global economic influence.

3. Strengthening Multipolarity:

• Support alternative institutions such as the New Development Bank, African Union, and BRICS.
• Promote a shift from a unipolar to multipolar world.

4. Sustainable Development Priorities:

• Advocate South–South cooperation in poverty alleviation, food security, environmental protection, and sustainable growth.

India’s Engagement with the Global South

1. Economic Cooperation:

• Expanding trade with Africa and Latin America.
• Investments in telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, and energy sectors.

2. Development Assistance:

• Providing lines of credit, infrastructure projects, technical training, and capacity-building programmes.

3. Multilateral Leadership:

• Championing initiatives like the International Solar Alliance and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI).
• Engaging through platforms such as the India-Africa Forum Summit.

4. Diplomatic Bridge:

• Pursues strategic autonomy, engaging with both the Global North and Global South.
• Acts as a mediator on global issues like climate change, trade disputes, and security challenges.

PM E-DRIVE Scheme: Operational Guidelines Released

Why in News

The Ministry of Heavy Industries (MHI) has issued operational guidelines for the deployment of public EV charging stations under the PM E-DRIVE Scheme.

About PM E-DRIVE Scheme

1. Full Form:

• Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement.

2. Nodal Ministry:

• Ministry of Heavy Industries (MHI).

3. Objective:

• Accelerate adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in India.
• Establish robust EV charging infrastructure nationwide.
• Promote a cleaner, sustainable, and self-reliant transport ecosystem.

Major Components

1. Subsidies / Demand Incentives:

• For electric two-wheelers (e-2Ws), three-wheelers (e-3Ws), e-ambulances, e-trucks, e-buses, and emerging EV segments.

2. Grants for Creation of Capital Assets:

• Acquisition of e-buses to strengthen green public transport.
• Establishment of public charging infrastructure across cities and highways.
• Upgradation of testing facilities under MHI for safety and performance validation.

National Security Act (NSA), 1980

Why in News

Sonam Wangchuk, leading the movement for statehood and Sixth Schedule protections for Ladakh, has been detained under the National Security Act (NSA), 1980.

Key Provisions of the NSA, 1980

1. Objective:

To empower the government to detain individuals whose actions are deemed:

• Prejudicial to the defence of India.
• A threat to India’s relations with foreign powers.
• A danger to the security of India.
• Disruptive to public order or essential supplies and services.

2. Authorities Empowered:

• District Magistrates (DMs) and Police Commissioners can issue detention orders with prior authorization.

3. Procedure & Safeguards:

• Grounds for detention must be communicated to the detainee within 5 days.
• In exceptional cases, this period may extend up to 15 days.
• Advisory Boards (headed by High Court judges) review detention within 3 months to ensure legality.

4. Duration of Detention:

• Maximum detention period: 12 months.
• Detention can be extended in stages depending on circumstances and government approval.

Astrosat Completes a Decade in Space

Why in News

AstroSat, India’s first dedicated space astronomy observatory, has successfully completed 10 years of operations, marking a milestone in India’s space-based scientific research.

About AstroSat

• First dedicated Indian astronomy mission designed to study celestial objects across multiple wavelengths — X-ray, optical, and ultraviolet (UV).
• Unique Capability: Enables simultaneous multi-wavelength observations using a single satellite.
• Launch Details:
  - Launched by PSLV-C30 from Sriharikota.
  - Placed in a 650 km low Earth orbit.

Scientific Objectives

• High-Energy Studies: Examine energetic phenomena in binary star systems containing neutron stars and black holes.
• Star Formation: Investigate star birth regions and high-energy processes in young stellar systems.
• Transient Events: Detect and monitor brief, bright X-ray sources that appear suddenly in the sky.

Ways and Means Advances

Why in News

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has recently announced the WMA limit for the Central Government for the second half of the 2025–26 financial year.

About WMA

• Definition: A temporary advance provided by the RBI to the government to bridge short-term mismatches between receipts and payments.
• Distinct from Fiscal Financing: Unlike ad hoc Treasury Bills, WMAs are not a tool to finance fiscal deficits.
• Coverage: Available to Central Government, State Governments, and Union Territories.

Legal and Operational Framework

1. Authority:

• RBI Act, 1934 empowers the central bank to provide WMAs.

2. Interest Rate:

• Standard WMA → RBI’s repo rate
• Overdraft (exceeding WMA limit) → Repo rate + 2%

3. Duration:

• WMAs must be fully repaid within three months from the date of advance.

Decision-Making

WMA Limits are determined by the RBI in consultation with the Central Government, ensuring smooth management of government cash flows.

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