4 August 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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UNCTAD Global Trade Update on Tackling Plastic Pollution

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has released its Global Trade Update, focusing on how trade policies can be mobilised to combat plastic pollution.

This release aligns with the ongoing UN Plastic Treaty negotiations in Geneva.

Key Highlights

1. Escalating Global Plastic Production and Trade

a. Growth Trend:

• Global plastic production has increased from 2 million metric tonnes (MMT) in 1950 to 436 MMT in 2022.

b. Usage Pattern:

• A majority of this plastic is for single-use applications.
• Only 10% is recycled, while approximately 75% ends up as waste.

c. Trade Proportion:

• In 2022, more than 78% of plastic production was traded internationally, indicating high global interdependence in plastic supply chains.

2. Regulatory Gaps and Policy Challenges

a. Absence of a Binding International Framework:

• Unlike biodiversity (CBD) or climate change (Paris Agreement), there is no global treaty specifically for plastic pollution.

b. Tariff Discrepancies:

• Tariffs on plastic and rubber products have declined from 34% to 7.2% over the past 30 years.
• However, eco-friendly alternatives (e.g., bamboo, paper) still face higher tariffs averaging 14.4%.

c. Limited Uptake of Sustainable Alternatives:

• Bio-based and compostable plastics account for only 1.5% of global plastic production, despite being available in several markets.

India’s Efforts to Address Plastic Pollution

1. Plastic Waste Management (PWM) Framework

• PWM Rules, 2016: Foundation for India’s regulatory approach to plastic waste.
• 2021 Amendment: Ban on identified Single-Use Plastics (SUP) effective from July 2022.
• 2022 Amendment: Introduced Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for plastic packaging.
• 2024 Amendment: Assigned clear roles to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and Panchayats in managing plastic waste.

2.. India's Participation in Global Frameworks

• Annex V of the MARPOL Convention: Prohibits discharge of plastics into the marine environment.
• Bridgetown Covenant: Calls for integrating trade and environmental sustainability in development planning.

Global Tech Giants Sign EU AI Code of Practice on General-Purpose AI (GPAI)

A group of 26 major technology companies, including Amazon, Google, Microsoft, and IBM, have voluntarily adopted the EU Commission’s Code of Practice on General-Purpose AI (GPAI). This development comes as the European Union moves closer to implementing its landmark EU AI Act.

Key Highlights

1. About the AI Code of Practice

a. Voluntary Framework:

• Although non-binding, adherence to the code is expected to provide greater legal clarity and help companies align early with the upcoming mandatory EU AI Act.

b. Structure:

The code comprises three main chapters:

• Transparency: Clarity on AI capabilities and limitations.
• Copyright: Respect for intellectual property in training data.
• Safety & Security: Ensuring safe deployment and usage of AI systems.

2. Concerns Among Tech Firms

• Legal Ambiguities: Companies express concern that the code introduces uncertainties beyond the scope of the AI Act, potentially affecting model development.
• Compliance Burden: Fears of regulatory complexity and administrative overload may hinder innovation and reduce Europe’s global AI competitiveness.

The EU AI Act: A Global First

1. Nature:

• Recognised as the world’s first comprehensive legislation on artificial intelligence.

2. Risk-Based Framework:

• Regulates AI systems based on the level of risk they pose (e.g., minimal, limited, high-risk, and unacceptable).

3. Accountability and Compliance:

• Stringent obligations for AI developers and users across value chains.
• Penalties for violations can reach up to 7% of global annual revenue.

4. Global Implications:

• The Act is poised to become a global benchmark, similar to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), influencing AI governance beyond the EU.

AI Regulatory Approach in India

1.. Current Legal Landscape

• No Dedicated AI Law: India has no specific legislation governing AI technologies.
• Focus on Development: Emphasis is placed on promoting innovation and safe AI adoption rather than regulation.

2.. IndiaAI Mission

• Objective: To build a robust, secure, and ethical AI ecosystem.
• Key Components: Skilling initiatives, research funding, AI compute infrastructure, and AI applications for governance and social impact.
• Vision: Establish India as a global hub for AI innovation while safeguarding user trust and data integrity.

Vice-Presidential Election 2025: ECI Announces Poll Schedule

The Election Commission of India (ECI) has announced the schedule for the 17th election to the Office of the Vice-President of India, in accordance with the constitutional and statutory framework.

Constitutional Provisions Related to the Vice-President

1. Tenure and Vacancy:

• As per Article 67, the Vice-President holds office for a term of five years.
• Under Article 68(2), an election to fill a vacancy must be held as soon as possible.

2. Electoral College:

• Consists of both elected and nominated members of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
• Current strength of electors: 782 Members of Parliament (MPs).

3. Voting Process:

• Governed by Article 66(1).
• Uses the Proportional Representation system by means of the Single Transferable Vote (STV).
• Voting is conducted via secret ballot.

4. Supervisory Authority:

• Election is conducted by the Election Commission of India (ECI) under powers vested in Article 324 and the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952.

Election Procedure

1. Nomination Requirements:

A valid nomination must be supported by:

• 20 proposers and 20 seconders (MPs).
• A security deposit of ₹15,000.

2. Voting Day Logistics:

• Voting is held at the Parliament House.
• Special pens provided by ECI must be used; first preference marking is compulsory.

3. Oversight and Supervision:

• ECI designates the Secretary General of Rajya Sabha as the Returning Officer.
• Observers are also appointed to ensure fair conduct.

Key Safeguards in the Electoral Process

• No Whip Allowed: Political parties cannot issue whips to their MPs during this election.
• Ballot Secrecy: Violation of voting secrecy or use of unauthorized stationery leads to vote invalidation.
• Grounds for Challenging the Election: Bribery, coercion, or undue influence can be challenged under the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952.

Eligibility Criteria for Vice-Presidential Candidates

A person is eligible for election as Vice-President if they:

• Are a citizen of India;
• Have attained the minimum age of 35 years;
• Are qualified to be elected as a member of the Rajya Sabha

20th Installment of PM-KISAN Released

The Prime Minister recently released the 20th installment of the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) scheme, providing continued income support to eligible farmers across the country.

About PM-KISAN Scheme

• Launched: February 2019
• Type: Central Sector Scheme (100% funded by the Central Government)
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare

Objective

• To ensure income support to landholding farmer families across India.
• Intended to supplement the financial needs of farmers in procuring inputs for crop health and yield.

Key Features

1.Eligibility Criteria

• Beneficiaries: All landholding farmer families with cultivable land in their names.

2. Exclusion Criteria

• Institutional landholders
• Families where a member holds:
  - Constitutional posts (current or former)
  - Government service (central/state or PSUs)
  - Professional roles such as doctors, engineers, chartered accountants, lawyers, etc.

3. Financial Assistance

• Amount: ₹6,000 per year per eligible family
• Disbursement:
  - Paid in three equal installments of ₹2,000 each
  - Released every four months via Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) mechanism

71st National Film Awards (2023)

71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 were recently announced, recognising outstanding contributions to Indian cinema across feature and non-feature categories.

About National Film Awards

• Inception: Instituted in 1954.
• Purpose: To honour films and filmmakers that contribute meaningfully to the art, culture, and social fabric of India.
• Presented by: The President of India, usually during a formal ceremony in New Delhi.
• Administered by: The Directorate of Film Festivals, under Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.

Highlights of the 71st National Film Awards (2023)

1. Best Feature Film: 12th Fail

• A biographical drama showcasing the journey of an underprivileged UPSC aspirant.

2. Best Actor (Joint Award):

• Shah Rukh Khan for Jawan
• Vikrant Massey for 12th Fail

3. Best Actress:

• Rani Mukerji for Mrs. Chatterjee Vs Norway
• Based on a real-life legal battle between a mother and Norwegian authorities over child custody.

4. Best Short Film: Giddh – The Scavenger

• Focuses on themes of survival and social injustice.

5. Best Non-Feature Film: Flowering Man

• A documentary capturing the essence of human–nature relationships.

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