5 August 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 5 August 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams. 

India Ranks 3rd Globally in Organ Transplants

Why in News

India has achieved a significant milestone by conducting 18,900 organ transplant7s in 2024, making it the third-highest in the world after the United States and China. The country also leads globally in living donor organ transplants.

About Organ Transplantation in India

1. Definition:

• Organ transplantation involves the grafting of a human organ from a living or deceased donor to a recipient for therapeutic purposes, particularly in cases of end-stage organ failure.

2. Governing Legislation:

• Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994 (amended in 2011).
• Enacted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
• Objectives:
  - Regulate removal, storage, and transplantation of human organs.
  - Prohibit commercial dealings in human organs.

Key Institutional Framework

National Organ Transplant Program (NOTP):

1. Aim:

• Enhance access, awareness, and infrastructure for organ transplants.

2. Implements a three-tiered institutional structure:

• NOTTO: National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization.
• ROTTOs: Regional-level coordinating bodies.
• SOTTOs: State Organ and Tissue Transplant Organizations.

Current Scenario and Challenges

1. Global Ranking:

• 3rd in total transplants.
• 1st in living donor organ transplants.

2. Low Deceased Donor Rate:

• India’s deceased organ donation rate is <1 per million population, compared to Spain’s 48 per million.

Recent Government Initiatives

1. "One Nation, One Policy" Reform

Eliminated:

• State domicile restrictions
• Age limits
• Registration fees for deceased donor organ recipients

2. Aadhaar-Linked Digital Pledge Portal

• Launched: September 2023
• Over 3 lakh citizens have registered pledges for organ donation.

3. "Angdaan Jan Jagrukta Abhiyan"

• Launched in 2024
• Aims to promote public awareness and voluntary organ donation across the country.

Government Notifies Amendments in Edible Oil Regulations to Boost Transparency and Supply Stability

Why in News

The Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution has notified amendments to the Vegetable Oil Products Production and Availability (Regulation) Order, 2011, under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955, aiming to bring greater transparency, price stability, and supply security in India's edible oil sector.

Objectives of the Amendment

• Enhance transparency in the production and availability of vegetable oils.
• Prevent disruptions in edible oil supply chains.
• Ensure fair pricing for consumers.
• Promote accountability and support domestic stabilization of edible oil supply.

Edible Oil Scenario in India

1. Heavy Import Dependence

• India is the world’s largest importer of vegetable oils, ahead of China and the USA.
• Breakdown of Import Share (2021-22):
  - Palm oil: 59%
  - Soybean oil: 23%
  - Sunflower oil: 16%
• Import dependence reduced from 63.2% in 2015–16 to 54.9% in 2021–22.

2. Domestic Oilseed Production

a. Major Oilseed Crops (9):

• Groundnut, rapeseed-mustard, soybean, sunflower, sesame, safflower, Nigerseed, castor, and linseed.

b. Top Contributors:

• Soybean: 34%
• Rapeseed & Mustard: 31%
• Groundnut: 27%  

Together, these contribute over 92% of total oilseed production.

Reasons for High Import Dependency

1. Rainfed Agriculture:

• Nearly 72% of oilseed cultivation is in rainfed areas, often managed by marginal and small farmers.

2. Low Productivity Factors:

• Inadequate access to modern technology.
• Cultivation under input-starved and low-investment conditions.
• Limited adoption of high-yielding varieties and irrigation infrastructure.

Key Government Initiatives to Boost Domestic Production

1. National Mission on Edible Oils - Oil Palm (NMEO-OP)

• Launched to increase oil palm cultivation and reduce reliance on imports.
• Aims to achieve self-reliance in edible oils through support for farmers and processors.

2. National Food Security Mission - Oilseeds & Oil Palm (NFSM–OS&OP)

Focuses on:

• Increasing production and productivity of the nine major oilseed crops.
• Expanding cultivation area under oil palm and tree-borne oilseeds.

Tamil Nadu Unveils State Policy for Transgender Persons

Why in News

The Government of Tamil Nadu has launched a State Policy for Transgender Persons, aimed at ensuring dignity, equality, and access to rights and services for the transgender community across the state.

Key Highlights of the Policy

• Comprehensive Rights Protection: Envisions inclusive access in education, employment, healthcare, housing, and personal safety.
• Right to Gender Identity:
  - Transgender and intersex persons can choose their gender identity as male, female, or transgender.
  - No requirement for medical procedures or certifications to establish gender identity.
• Inheritance Rights: The state will initiate amendments to the Hindu Succession Act and Indian Succession Act to grant inheritance rights to transgender persons.

Who is a Transgender Person?

• As per the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019: A transgender person is someone whose gender identity does not align with the gender assigned at birth.
• Population: Approximately 4.8 lakh transgender individuals in India (Census 2011).
• Landmark Legal Recognition:
  - In NALSA v. Union of India (2014), Supreme Court recognised transgender persons as "3rd gender".
  - Affirmed their fundamental rights under Articles 14, 15, 19, and 21 of the Constitution.

Challenges Faced by Transgender Persons in India

1. Legal and Identity Issues

• The 2019 Act mandates certification of gender identity by a District Magistrate.
• This infringes on the right to self-identify, as emphasized in the NALSA judgment.

2. Social Discrimination

• Stigma, marginalisation, and gender non-conformity often viewed as deviant.
• Widespread incidents of violence, harassment, and ostracism.

3. Education

• Bullying and exclusion lead to high dropout rates.
• Lack of inclusive curriculum in schools and colleges.

4. Healthcare Access

• Absence of gender-affirmative care in most hospitals.
• High prevalence of mental health issues: anxiety, depression, and suicidal tendencies due to societal rejection.

5. Economic Discrimination

• Hiring biases and workplace hostility restrict access to meaningful employment.
• Often forced into precarious or informal work.

Welfare Schemes for Transgender Persons

• SMILE Scheme (Support for Marginalized Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise): Aims at livelihood, shelter, health care, skill development, and legal support.
• National Transgender Portal: Provides online certification and identity cards for transgender persons.
• Gender Inclusion Fund (Under NEP 2020): Ensures quality education for girls and transgender students.
• Garima Greh: Shelter homes providing safe residential facilities and support services.
• PM-DAKSH Scheme (Dakshta aur Kushalta Sampann Hitgrahi): Focuses on skill development and vocational training for marginalized groups, including transgender persons.

India Reaffirms Its Position as the World’s Second-Largest Fish Producer

Union Minister for Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying recently reiterated India’s significant contribution to global fish production, reaffirming the country's position as 2nd-largest fish producer globally after China.

Overview of Fisheries Sector in India

1. National and Global Standing:

• India contributes approximately 8% to global fish production.
• Ranks second globally, following China.

2. Governance Framework:

• Fisheries is a subject under the State List.
• Inland Fisheries: Primarily a state subject.
• Marine Fisheries: A shared responsibility between the Central Government and Coastal States.

3. Production Statistics:

• Inland fisheries contribute nearly 75% of total fish output.
• The sector constitutes:
  - 1.12% of India’s total Gross Value Added (GVA).
  - 7.26% of Agricultural GVA.

4. Employment Impact:

• Supports around 30 million people across the entire value chain.

Major Government Initiatives and Reforms

1. Flagship Schemes:

• Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) - For holistic development of fisheries sector.
• Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana - A Central Sector sub-scheme under PMMSY focusing on income enhancement.

2. Infrastructure Development:

• Establishment of Aquaculture Parks under PMMSY.
• Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund to bridge infrastructure gaps.

3. Data and Research:

• 5th Marine Fisheries Census conducted to enable data-driven policy formulation.

4. International Cooperation:

• India supports the Regional Plan of Action on IUU Fishing alongside Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and the Maldives to combat illegal fishing in the Bay of Bengal.

5. Legacy Scheme:

• Blue Revolution Scheme - Earlier initiative to increase fish production through modern techniques.

ISRO Launches HOPE Analog Mission in Ladakh’s Tso Kar Valley

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has inaugurated the Himalayan Outpost for Planetary Exploration (HOPE) in Ladakh, a state-of-the-art analog mission habitat designed to simulate extraterrestrial environments like those on Mars and the Moon.

About the HOPE Analog Mission

1. Objective:

• To replicate space-like conditions on Earth and conduct critical research to support India’s future human space exploration missions.

2. Led by:

• Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC), ISRO
• In collaboration with Indian academic institutions and private industry partners.

3. Key Features:

• Habitat Module: Designed for human habitation, health monitoring, and daily operations.
• Utility Module: Supports mission operations, life-support systems, and workflow integration.

Why Tso Kar Valley, Ladakh?

1. Ideal Earth Analog for Mars:

• Harsh climate with sub-zero temperatures.
• Saline permafrost conditions.
• High altitude and UV radiation.
• Low air pressure mimicking Martian environment.

2. Strategic Benefits:

• Enables both technological evaluations and astrobiology research.
• Enhances India's capacity for analog space research akin to international efforts.

Global Analog Missions - A Broader Context

India joins the ranks of nations running Earth-based analog missions:

• Mars Desert Research Station (USA)
• Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station (Canada)
• BIOS-3 (Russia)

Link to India’s Human Spaceflight Programme - Gaganyaan

1. Gaganyaan Mission Overview:

• India's maiden human spaceflight initiative.
• Plans to send three astronauts into a 400 km orbit for a 3-day mission.
• Safe re-entry and splashdown in Indian sea waters.

2. Launch Vehicle:

• LVM3 identified as the carrier rocket.

Mahanadi Water Dispute

Why in News?

Odisha and Chhattisgarh have shown mutual intent to resolve the long-standing Mahanadi river water dispute through dialogue and cooperation, signaling a positive development in inter-state water sharing negotiations.

Background of the Dispute

The dispute emerged in 2016 when Odisha, being the lower riparian state, raised objections against:

• Unilateral construction of multiple barrages by Chhattisgarh in the upper catchment areas.
• Reduced flow of water during non-monsoon seasons, impacting agriculture and drinking water supply in Odisha.

Tribunal Intervention

• In response to Odisha’s plea, the Mahanadi Water Disputes Tribunal (MWDT) was constituted in 2018 under relevant legal provisions.
• The tribunal was tasked with adjudicating the matter, but final adjudication is still pending.

Legal and Constitutional Framework Governing Inter-State River Disputes

1. Constitutional Provision

Article 262:

• Empowers Parliament to legislate for the adjudication of inter-state river water disputes.
• Allows for exclusion of Supreme Court and High Court jurisdiction in such disputes if a tribunal is formed.

2. Statutory Framework

• Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956: Provides the legal basis for the constitution of water dispute tribunals by the Central Government.
• River Boards Act, 1956: Enables the creation of River Boards to advise states on optimal development and regulation of inter-state rivers.

‘Matri Van’ Initiative

Why in News?

The ‘Matri Van’ initiative has been launched in Gurugram, Haryana, with the goal of developing a 750-acre urban forest in the Aravalli hills, aligning with broader ecological and climate resilience objectives.

About the Matri Van Initiative

1. Part of:

• ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ campaign – a movement encouraging individuals to plant trees in honor of their mothers.

2. Location:

• Aravalli Hills, Gurugram.

3. Objective:

• Promote urban ecological restoration.
• Foster citizen involvement in environmental conservation.
• Enhance climate resilience and biodiversity in degraded urban landscapes.

Key Ecological Components

1. Restoration of Native Ecosystems

• Removal of invasive plant species that threaten native biodiversity.
• Plantation of indigenous tree species suited to the Aravalli ecosystem.

2. Biodiversity Conservation

• Focused efforts to reintroduce Aravalli-specific flora and fauna.
• Creation of a self-sustaining, natural forest habitat.

3. Community Engagement

• Public participation encouraged through tree-planting drives and awareness programmes.
• Promotes environmental stewardship among urban residents.

Significance of the Initiative

• Represents a model for sustainable urban development.
• Aims to combat urban heat island effects, enhance groundwater recharge, and mitigate air pollution.
• Strengthens climate action efforts in one of India’s most vulnerable ecological zones-the Aravalli range.

India Receives Final Batch of Airbus C-295 Military Aircraft from Spain

Why in News?

India has officially received the final batch of 16 Airbus C-295 tactical transport aircraft from Spain, marking a key milestone in the modernization of the Indian Air Force's (IAF) transport fleet.

About the C-295 Transport Aircraft

• Aircraft Type: New-generation tactical airlifter, suitable for light and medium transport roles.
• Manufacturer: Airbus Defence and Space, a division of the European multinational aerospace company Airbus.
• Purpose: Designed for both military transport and logistical missions under varied operational environments.

Key Features and Capabilities

1. Enhanced Operational Endurance

• Offers flight autonomy of up to 11 hours, enabling long-range tactical and strategic operations.

2. Fleet Replacement

• Intended to replace the aging Avro aircraft of the Indian Air Force, which has served since the 1960s.

3. Versatility

• Capable of operating from short and unprepared airstrips.
• Supports a range of missions including troop and cargo transport, medical evacuation, and surveillance operations.

4. Indo-Spanish Collaboration

• As part of the broader Make in India initiative, 40 out of the total 56 aircraft are to be manufactured domestically by Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) in partnership with Airbus.

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