5 December 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Invasive Alien Species Threaten India’s Ecosystems: New Study in Nature Sustainability

A recent study published in Nature Sustainability warns that Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are rapidly expanding across India, threatening biodiversity, livelihoods, and ecological stability.

What Are Invasive Alien Species (IAS)?

IAS are plants, animals, or microorganisms introduced outside their natural range which spread aggressively, disrupting native biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.

Key Findings of the Study

1. Rapid Expansion Across India

• Approximately 15,500 km² of natural areas in India are invaded by at least one new IAS every year.
• Invasive plant species have doubled their range in ecologically fragile regions such as the Western Ghats, Himalayas, and Northeast India.

2. Widespread Ecosystem Impact

Nearly two-thirds of India’s natural ecosystems host 11 major IAS, including:

• Lantana camara
• Chromolaena odorata
• Prosopis juliflora

3. Climate-Driven Spread

• Wet-biome invaders (e.g., Ageratina adenophora, Mikania micrantha) are expanding due to rising temperatures and reduced soil moisture.
• Dry biome invaders (e.g., Xanthium strumarium) are increasing with higher rainfall levels.

Impacts of IAS in India

1. Livelihood Concerns

Prosopis juliflora blocks access to pasturelands, fuelwood, and water, and can cause respiratory illnesses.

2. Threat to Wildlife

By 2022, IAS had affected over 1 lakh sq km of tiger habitats, degrading prey base and vegetation.

3. Decline in Native Biodiversity

Lantana camara has severely suppressed native vegetation in the Western Ghats, altering forest structure.

4. Economic Losses

India incurred $127.3 billion in economic losses due to IAS between 1960–2020.

Way Forward

1. National Mission on IAS

Establish an integrated national institutional mechanism and database to coordinate monitoring, early detection, and rapid response.

2. Prevention as Priority

Strengthen checks on trade, shipping, and travel, especially ballast water management, to prevent introduction of new species.

3. Community-Led Management

Involve affected local communities in monitoring, removal, and habitat recovery initiatives.

4. Adoption of Global Best Practices

Implement systems like New Zealand’s mandatory Pest Risk Analysis for all new or imported products to assess invasion risks.

Antarctic Ozone Hole Closes Early, Signalling Steady Global Ozone Recovery

The Antarctic Ozone Hole, a seasonal thinning of stratospheric ozone during the Southern Hemisphere spring (August–November), has closed earlier than usual in 2025, reflecting continuing global progress in ozone restoration.

Key Facts: Antarctic Ozone Hole (2025)

• In 2025, the ozone hole peaked at just over 21 million sq km, far lower than the 2006 record of 29 million sq km.
• Stratospheric ozone (the “good ozone”) is located at 10–40 km altitude, shielding the Earth from harmful UV radiation.

Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion in Antarctica

1. Release of Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS)

• Chemicals such as CFCs, halons, HCFCs, and methyl bromide reach the stratosphere.
• UV radiation breaks them down, releasing chlorine and bromine radicals that catalytically destroy ozone.

2. Meteorological Conditions

• A strong polar vortex isolates the air over Antarctica, concentrating ODS.
• Extreme cold leads to the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) that promote ozone-destroying reactions.

3. Return of Sunlight in Spring

• During September–October, sunlight reappears over Antarctica, providing the energy needed for rapid ozone breakdown.

Impacts of Ozone Layer Depletion

1. Human Health

Increased skin cancer, cataracts, and immune system suppression due to elevated UV-B exposure.

2. Ecosystems

Reduced plant productivity, phytoplankton decline, and disturbances in marine food chains.

Global Efforts for Ozone Protection

1. Vienna Convention (1985)

• Framework for global cooperation, research, and monitoring of ozone depletion.

2. Montreal Protocol (1987)

• Universally ratified; mandated binding phase-out of ODS.
• Achieved over 98% reduction in ODS production and consumption compared to 1990 levels.

3. Kigali Amendment (2016)

• Added phasedown of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)—non-ODS but potent greenhouse gases—integrating ozone protection with climate mitigation.

Indian Rupee (INR) Breaches 90 per US Dollar in 2025

Despite India’s strong macroeconomic fundamentals—8.2% GDP growth, ~1% inflation, and low crude prices—the INR depreciated by over 5% in 2025, crossing the ₹90 per USD mark.

Why Does Rupee Depreciate?

Rupee depreciation occurs when its value falls relative to foreign currencies due to market forces, capital flows, external shocks, or policy uncertainties.

Key Drivers of INR Depreciation in 2025

1. US–India Trade Deal Uncertainty

• Steep US tariffs (up to 50%) on Indian exports reduced competitiveness.
• Lower investor confidence → reduced inflows.

2. Capital Outflows

• Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) withdrew funds aggressively.
• India was seen as a liquidity source amid global risk rebalancing.

3. Widening Trade Deficit

• High imports of gold, electronics, machinery.
• Exports to major markets, including the US, weakened.

4. Speculative Dollar Demand

• Importers front-loaded purchases anticipating further rupee weakness.
• Added pressure in the forex market.

Impacts of INR Depreciation

1. Negative Impacts

• Imported Inflation: India imports 90% of crude, plus edible oils and raw materials—prices rise.
• Higher Subsidy Burden: Fertilizer imports become costlier → larger subsidy bill.
• Costlier External Debt: Companies with dollar-denominated loans face higher repayment and interest costs.

2. Positive Impacts

• Boost to Exports: Indian goods become cheaper globally, improving competitiveness.
• Higher Value of Remittances: NRIs gain more in rupee terms → improved household incomes.

How Can the Rupee Be Stabilised?

1. Monetary Measures

• RBI forex intervention (selling/buying USD).
• Interest rate adjustments.
• Currency swap agreements with friendly nations.

2. Fiscal & Structural Measures

• Reduce import dependence via domestic manufacturing push.
• Boost exports through diversification, FTAs, and logistics reforms.
• Attract FDI through improved infrastructure, regulation, and ease of doing business.

Parliamentary Committee Report: “Review of Mechanism to Curb Fake News”

A recent Parliamentary Committee report warns that India’s current framework to curb fake news is inadequate given the scale, speed, and technological sophistication of today’s misinformation landscape.

Existing Mechanisms to Tackle Fake News in India

• IT (Intermediary Guidelines & Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021: Regulates online news publishers, social media intermediaries, and curated audio-visual content.
• Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS): Section 353 criminalises dissemination of false information or rumours intended to cause public harm.
• IT Act, 2000: Provides powers for regulating online content and intermediary obligations.
• PIB Fact Check Unit (FCU): Verifies government-related misinformation.
• Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995: Applies to private satellite TV channels and ensures adherence to programme and advertising codes.

Key Issues Identified by the Committee

1. Absence of a Statutory Definition

• No legal definition of “Fake News” exists in any Indian law.
• Leads to inconsistent enforcement and over/under-regulation.

Committee Recommendation

• Legally define “Fake News.”
• Create a committee to propose amendments to: IT Act 2000, Cable Television Network (Regulation) Act 1995
• Aim: stronger and clearer provisions to counter misinformation.

2. Regulatory Gaps & Safe Harbour Concerns

• Section 79 of IT Act provides safe harbour to intermediaries if they follow due diligence.
• Algorithms often amplify sensational and misleading content for engagement and revenue.

Committee Recommendation

• Revisit safe harbour provisions to ensure platform accountability.
• Impose algorithmic transparency obligations.

3. Cross-Border Jurisdictional Challenges

• Difficult to penalise or regulate foreign creators of misinformation.
• Varying laws across countries hinder coordinated action.

Committee Recommendation

• Establish an Inter-Ministerial Task Force with: Ministry of External Affairs & Legal and cyberlaw experts
• Purpose: strengthen cross-border cooperation and compliance frameworks.

4. Technological Sophistication: AI Videos & Deepfakes

• Rise of AI-generated content, deepfakes, and manipulated videos.
• Growing internet reach + low digital literacy worsens the challenge.

Committee Recommendations

• Explore mandatory labeling of AI-generated or AI-altered content.
• Consider licensing requirements for AI content creators and platforms.

Parliamentary Panel Recommends Statutory Status for the National Statistical Commission (NSC)

The Standing Committee on Finance (2025–26) presented its 27th Report titled “Performance Review of the National Statistical Commission (NSC)” in Lok Sabha.

Key Issues Flagged by the Committee

1. Lack of Enforcement Power

• NSC currently operates through a Government Resolution (2005) and cannot mandate uniform data standards.
• Ministries, state departments, and private data providers are not legally bound to follow NSC methodologies.

2. Data Inconsistencies

• Divergence in major indicators such as GDP estimates undermines credibility.
• Frequent revisions weaken stakeholder confidence and public trust.

3. Limited Autonomy

• NSC lacks the legal authority to ensure compliance, reducing its ability to function as the apex statistical body.
• Operational decisions depend on the administrative ministry (MoSPI), restricting independence.

Key Recommendations of the Parliamentary Committee

1. Grant Statutory Status to NSC

• Establish NSC as an autonomous, statutory nodal body overseeing all core national statistics.
• Empower it to Prescribe national statistical standards & Ensure mandatory compliance by government and private producers

2. Create a National Statistical Standards Framework

• A unified framework similar to ICAI’s accounting standards.
• To standardize Data collection tools, Sampling designs, Reporting formats, Validation procedures

3. Mandatory Statistical Audits

• Introduce regular, independent statistical audits across ministries and agencies.
• Audit findings to be publicly released for transparency and accountability.

4. Improve GDP Estimation Methodology

• Revise national accounts to better represent: Informal and unorganized sector activities (over 60% of India’s economy) & Emerging sectors with poor data capture
• Prioritize broad-based data sources for accuracy.

5. Additional Recommendations

• AI-Enabled Statistical Systems: Use artificial intelligence for: Real-time data validation, Automated anomaly detection, Faster publication cycles
• Capacity Building: Strengthen training for statistical personnel across states and ministries.
• International Partnerships: Collaborate with global statistical bodies (UNSD, OECD, etc.) to adopt best practices.

About the National Statistical Commission (NSC)

• Formed in 2005 through a Government Resolution, following recommendations of the Rangarajan Commission (2000).
• Functions under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).

Composition

• Part-time Chairperson (eminent statistician/social scientist)
• Four part-time Members with domain specializations
• CEO, NITI Aayog (ex-officio Member)
• Chief Statistician of India (Secretary to NSC)

Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease)

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has informed that 97 central and state laws in India still contain discriminatory provisions against persons affected by leprosy, despite medical advances and substantial reduction in disease prevalence.

About Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease)

1. Overview

• A chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae.
• Primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and in advanced cases, the eyes and mucosal surfaces.
• Without early diagnosis and treatment, it can lead to permanent disabilities and deformities.

2. Transmission

• Spread occurs through respiratory droplets, mainly via prolonged and close contact with untreated individuals.
• It is not highly contagious, and early treatment breaks transmission.

3. Leprosy in India

• Prevalence Rate (PR) declined dramatically from 57.2 per 10,000 (1981) to 0.57 per 10,000 (2025) — a 99% reduction.
• India achieved “National Elimination” in 2005, defined as PR below 1 case per 10,000 population.
• Despite elimination, new cases continue to emerge, necessitating sustained control and rehabilitation efforts.

Government Initiatives

1. National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)

• Focuses on early detection, free multi-drug therapy (MDT), and disability prevention.
• Strengthens surveillance and community awareness to reduce stigma.

2. National Strategic Plan & Roadmap for Leprosy (2023–2027)

• Aims for zero transmission, zero disabilities, and zero discrimination.
• Emphasizes case detection campaigns, capacity building of health workers, and rehabilitation of affected individuals.

Asteroid Bennu

• Scientists analysing samples returned by NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission (2023) have detected glucose—a fundamental organic molecule necessary for life—within the asteroid’s material.
• This finding strengthens the theory that prebiotic chemicals were delivered to early Earth via asteroids and comets.

Significance of the Discovery

• The presence of glucose, a simple sugar, suggests that life-building compounds were present in the early solar system.
• Supports hypotheses related to the extraterrestrial origin of organic matter.
• Enhances understanding of chemical evolution and how life-essential molecules might have been distributed across planets.

About Asteroid Bennu

1. General Characteristics

• Bennu is a near-Earth asteroid that approaches our planet approximately once every six years.
• Classified as a B-type (carbon-rich) asteroid, known for containing primitive material from the formation of the solar system.

2. Physical Composition

Formed from a collection of ancient rocks and debris that are:

• Loosely bound together,
• Held mainly by weak gravitational forces,
• Composed of materials rare or absent on Earth, providing clues about early solar system chemistry.

3. Scientific Importance

• Acts as a time capsule preserving unaltered material from 4.5 billion years ago.
• Serves as a crucial source for studying the solar system’s origins, organic chemistry, and planetary formation processes.

Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO)

• The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) has directed all retail and wholesale pharmacies to prominently display a QR code and a toll-free helpline number.
• This aims to streamline public reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs), strengthening India’s pharmacovigilance framework.

About CDSCO

1. Overview

• CDSCO is India’s national drug regulatory authority, responsible for ensuring the safety, efficacy, and quality of drugs, cosmetics, and medical devices.
• Headquarters: New Delhi
• Legal Status: Functions as a statutory authority under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.

2. Administrative Ministry

• Operates under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.

Key Functions

1. Regulatory Oversight

• Regulates the import, manufacture, and sale of drugs and cosmetics.
• Grants approval for new drugs, clinical trials, and medical devices before their introduction in India.

2. Quality and Safety Monitoring

• Ensures that drugs available in India comply with prescribed standards.
• Coordinates national programs for pharmacovigilance and monitoring of adverse drug reactions.

3. Collaboration & Coordination

• Works with State Drug Control Authorities to maintain uniform standards across the country.
• Engages with international regulatory bodies to align India’s regulatory practices with global norms.

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