6 November 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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FAO Releases “The State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA) 2025” Report

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations released its flagship report — The State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA) 2025, offering a detailed assessment of how human-driven land degradation is impacting global agricultural productivity, food security, and ecosystem resilience.

About the SOFA Report

• Publisher: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
• Focus: Human-induced land degradation and its cascading effects on crop yields, food systems, and climate stability.
• Objective: To guide policymakers towards achieving Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) while ensuring sustainable agricultural productivity.

Key Highlights of the Report

1. Definition and Drivers of Land Degradation

(a) Land Degradation:

• A long-term decline in land’s ability to provide essential ecosystem functions and services.

(b) Causes:

• Natural: Soil erosion, salinization.
• Anthropogenic: Deforestation, overgrazing, unsustainable cropping, and irrigation practices.

2. Global Impact of Land Degradation

• Yield Loss: Around 1.7 billion people live in regions where crop yields are 10% lower due to human-induced degradation.
• Asia faces the greatest impact due to high population densities and long-standing degradation debt.
• Productivity Decline: Total Factor Productivity (TFP) — an indicator of technological progress — has slowed down since the 2000s, especially in Global South economies.
• Food Security Concerns: Nearly 47 million children under five suffering from stunting live in degradation hotspots, where reduced crop yields directly impact nutrition levels.
• Ecosystem Disruption: Degradation undermines livestock and forest ecosystems, intensifying climate change, biodiversity loss, and water stress.

Policy Pathways for Sustainable Land Use

1. Regulatory Approaches

• Land-use zoning and restrictions on deforestation.
• Mandates on soil conservation, watershed protection, and afforestation.

2. Incentive-Based Mechanisms

• Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) to reward sustainable land management.
• Financial incentives for conservation agriculture and climate-smart practices.

3. Cross-Compliance Systems

• Linking government subsidies or support to compliance with environmental and land management standards.

Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) Framework

FAO advocates a “Avoid–Reduce–Reverse” hierarchy to achieve Land Degradation Neutrality:

• Avoid: Prevent new degradation.
• Reduce: Minimize existing degradation.
• Reverse: Restore degraded lands to productive use.

7 Indian Institutes Among Top 100 in QS Asia University Rankings 2026

Released by: Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), UK-based higher education analytics firm

Key Highlights

• India recorded a massive growth in representation — from 24 universities (2016) to 294 universities (2026) in the QS Asia Rankings.
• India now ranks 2nd only to China (which has 395 universities listed).

Top Indian Institutes (Top 100):

• Five IITs: IIT Delhi, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, IIT Kanpur, IIT Kharagpur
• Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru
• University of Delhi

IIT Delhi retained its position as India’s best institute for the 5th consecutive year, ranking 59th in Asia.

Performance Indicators

India dominates the “Papers per Faculty” indicator —

• 5 Indian universities in Asia’s Top 10
• 28 universities in Asia’s Top 50

Top in Asia:

• ???? University of Hong Kong
• ???? Peking University (China)

About QS Asia University Rankings 2026

1. Coverage:

• 1,529 universities across Asia.

2. Indicators (11 total):

• Academic Reputation
• Employer Reputation
• Faculty/Student Ratio
• International Research Network
• Citations per Paper
• Papers per Faculty
• Staff with PhD
• International Faculty
• International Students
• Inbound Exchange Students
• Outbound Exchange Students

National Higher Education Ranking Frameworks

1. National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF):

• Launched in 2015 by the Ministry of Education.
• Evaluates Indian institutions based on teaching, learning, research, graduation outcomes, outreach, and perception.

2. All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE):

• Initiated in 2010–11 to collect data on teachers, student enrolment, programs, finance, and infrastructure.

Government Initiatives to Strengthen Higher Education

• National Education Policy (NEP), 2020: Focuses on multidisciplinary, flexible, and global education.
• Institutions of Eminence (IoE) Scheme (2017): To enable select universities to achieve world-class standards.
• Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (2013): Improves access, equity, and quality in state universities.
• SWAYAM: Free online learning platform (MOOCs) offering courses from top Indian universities.

Amul and IFFCO Ranked World’s Top Two Cooperatives

Amul and IFFCO Ranked World’s Top Two Cooperatives in 2025 by International Cooperative Alliance.

Key Highlights

• Amul (GCMMF) and IFFCO have been ranked the world’s top two cooperatives in the World Cooperative Monitor 2025.
• The ranking recognizes cooperatives’ contributions to the global economy, employment generation, and sustainable development.

Cooperatives in India – Overview

1. Meaning:

• An autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs through a jointly owned, democratically controlled enterprise.

2. Genesis:

• Cooperative Credit Societies Act, 1904 – First legal recognition.

3. Constitutional Status:

• 97th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2011
• Gave citizens the Fundamental Right to form cooperative societies (Article 19(1)(c)).
• Inserted Article 43B (DPSP): State to promote voluntary, autonomous, democratic cooperatives.
• “Cooperative Societies” → State Subject (List II, Seventh Schedule).

4. Legal Framework:

• Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act, 2002 (amended 2023) → For multi-state operations.
• State Cooperative Acts → For single-state societies.

5. Status:

• India hosts ~8.44 lakh cooperatives (≈ 25% of world’s total).
• Top States: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Telangana, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka.

Institutional Support & Policy Measures

• National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) – 1963
• NABARD – 1982
• Ministry of Cooperation – Established in 2021
• National Cooperation Policy 2025 – Strengthening cooperative movement.

Amul – Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF)

• HQ: Anand, Gujarat
• Founded: 1946 by Tribhuvandas Patel
• Type: Cooperative Marketing Society
• Represents 3.6 million milk producers across 33 districts of Gujarat.
• Known for India’s White Revolution and brand “Amul – The Taste of India.”

IFFCO – Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Ltd

• HQ: New Delhi
• Founded: 1967 as a Multi-State Cooperative Society
• Largest producer and marketer of fertilizers in India.
• Focuses on promoting self-reliance and sustainable agriculture among farmers.

Research, Development, and Innovation (RDI) Scheme

Purpose:

• Strengthen India’s capabilities in strategic and emerging technologies.
• Promote technological self-reliance in line with Atmanirbhar Bharat.
• Support innovation in sunrise and strategic sectors for economic security.

Funding Mechanism

1. Total Corpus:

• ₹1 lakh crore.

2. Two-tiered funding:

• Level 1 – Custodian: Special Purpose Fund (SPF) within ANRF.
• Level 2 – Disbursement: Allocated via Second-Level Fund Managers.

3. Mode of Funding:

• Long-term concessional loans (low or zero interest)
• Equity infusion (especially for startups)
• Contributions to Deep-Tech Fund of Funds (FoF)

Key Objectives

• Encourage private sector scaling of RDI in sunrise sectors.
• Finance high Technology Readiness Level (TRL) transformative projects.
• Support acquisition/indigenization of critical technologies.
• Facilitate establishment of Deep-Tech Fund of Funds.

Targeted Sectors

1. Sunrise Sectors:

Energy Security, Deep Technology (quantum computing, robotics, space), AI, Biotechnology & Health, Digital Economy.

2. Strategic Sectors:

Technologies essential for indigenization, economic security, or strategic purposes.

3. Public Sector Technologies:

Any other sector deemed necessary for public interest.

Governance & Implementation

• Nodal Department: Department of Science and Technology (DST).
• Strategic Direction: Governing Board of ANRF, chaired by the Prime Minister.
• Approval of Guidelines: Executive Council (EC) of ANRF.
• Scheme Changes: Empowered Group of Secretaries (EGoS), led by Cabinet Secretary.

Generational Ban on Tobacco – Maldives Leads the Way

The Maldives became the first country in the world to impose a generational ban on tobacco — a historic public health measure to curb future tobacco use.

About the Generational Ban:

• Also known as a Lifetime Tobacco Ban.
• Definition: Prohibits the sale of cigarettes or other tobacco products to anyone born after a specific date, ensuring that those generations can never legally purchase tobacco in their lifetime.
• Goal: To gradually phase out tobacco consumption among future generations rather than current users.

Tobacco Control Measures (as per WHO Framework):

• Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies.
• Protect people from tobacco smoke (smoke-free laws).
• Offer help to quit tobacco use.
• Warn about the dangers of tobacco (graphic packaging, public awareness).
• Enforce bans on advertising, promotion, and sponsorship.
• Raise taxes on tobacco products.
• Stop illicit trade and regulate new nicotine products.

Global Tobacco Consumption Facts:

• Around 1.3 billion tobacco users worldwide.
• ~80% of them live in low- and middle-income countries.
• Forms of use: Cigarettes, cigars, waterpipes, roll-your-own tobacco, heated tobacco, pipe tobacco, and smokeless products like gutkha, khaini, and snuff.

International Efforts:

WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC):

• Adopted: 2003
• Parties: 183 countries
• Objective: To protect current and future generations from the devastating health, social, environmental, and economic consequences of tobacco use and exposure.

Emission Gap Report 2025: “Off Target”

Publisher: UN Environment Programme (UNEP)

Key Findings

1. Global Temperature Trajectory:

• Even with updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, the world is on track for a temperature rise of 2.3–2.5 °C this century.
• Falls short of the Paris goal:
• Limit warming to well below 2 °C, ideally 1.5 °C.

2. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions:

• 2024 emissions: 57.7 Gt CO₂-equivalent (↑ 2.3% from 2023).
• To meet the 1.5 °C target, global emissions must fall by 55% by 2035.

3. Regional Trends:

• Highest absolute increase: India and China.
• India’s per capita emissions: Still below the global average, despite high absolute emissions.

Implications

• Indicates a serious shortfall in current climate action.
• Urgent need for enhanced mitigation efforts by major emitters.
• Highlights importance of equity-based climate action: per capita vs absolute emissions.

Significance for India

• India’s rapidly growing economy contributes to absolute emissions rise.
• Per capita emissions remain lower than developed nations, aligning with principle of common but differentiated responsibilities under UNFCCC.
• Encourages domestic initiatives: renewable energy expansion, energy efficiency, green transport, and climate-smart policies.

Comet 3I/ATLAS – Interstellar Visitor Containing Water

Scientists have detected water in comet 3I/ATLAS, marking a breakthrough in understanding interstellar comets and cometary evolution.

About 3I/ATLAS

• Full name: Comet 3I/ATLAS
• Discovery: Detected by NASA-funded Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) telescope in Río Hurtado, Chile.
• Significance: Third known interstellar object to pass through our solar system.
• Predecessors:1I/ʻOumuamua – discovered in 2017, 2I/Borisov – discovered in 2019
• Classification: Called “interstellar” because of its hyperbolic orbit — it does not follow a closed path around the Sun, but passes through once and escapes into interstellar space.

Key Finding

• Presence of water confirmed — first such discovery in an interstellar comet.
• Suggests that ice-bearing bodies (like comets) may form and evolve similarly in other star systems, offering clues about planetary system formation.

Typhoon Kalmaegi – Landfall in the Central Philippines

Typhoon Kalmaegi recently made landfall in the central Philippines, bringing heavy rainfall and strong winds.

About Typhoons:

• Typhoons are tropical cyclones that form over the Western Pacific Ocean.
• They are rapidly rotating storm systems with low pressure at the centre, strong winds, and heavy rain.

Favourable Conditions for Formation:

• Warm ocean waters (≥ 26°C)
• Rapid cooling of atmosphere with height
• High humidity in the mid-troposphere
• Pre-existing low-pressure disturbance
• Low vertical wind shear

Regional Names of Tropical Cyclones:

• Atlantic Ocean & NE/South Pacific: Hurricanes
• Indian Ocean: Cyclones
• Western Australia: Willy-willies
• Western Pacific: Typhoons

Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV) – Bangladesh Introduces It

Bangladesh became the 8th country in the world to introduce the Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV) into its national immunization programme.

About Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV):

• Type: Single-dose, injectable vaccine.
• Purpose: Protects against typhoid fever by stimulating antibody production against Salmonella Typhi.
• Example: Typbar TCV (developed and manufactured by Bharat Biotech, India).
• Recommended by: World Health Organization (WHO) for use in endemic regions, especially among children.

About Typhoid:

• Causative Agent: Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (bacterium).
• Transmission: Fecal-oral route — through contaminated food or water.
• Symptoms: Prolonged high fever, Fatigue and headache, Nausea, abdominal pain, Constipation or diarrhea

VAIBHAV (VAIshwik BHArtiya Vaigyanik) Fellowship

• Ministry: Department of Science and Technology, Government of India
• Launched: 2023

Objective:

• To strengthen collaboration between Indian diaspora scientists and Indian Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs), universities, or publicly funded scientific institutions.
• Encourages knowledge exchange, joint research, and innovation partnerships.

Key Features:

• Duration of Engagement: Fellows can spend up to 2 months per year in India for up to 3 years.
• Flexibility: Fellows can choose the Indian institution they wish to collaborate with.
• Scope: Covers research, mentoring, workshops, and joint projects to enhance India’s scientific ecosystem.

National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT)

NCLAT lifted the ban on WhatsApp sharing data with Meta platforms for advertising purposes for five years.

Constitution:

• Established under Section 410 of the Companies Act, 2013.

Jurisdiction:

NCLAT hears appeals against orders passed by:

• National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT)
• Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) under Sections 202 & 211 of IBC
• Competition Commission of India (CCI) under Companies Act, 2013
• National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA) under Companies Act, 2013

International Migration Outlook 2025 – OECD Report

Released by:

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Key Findings (2023 Data):

• Around 2.25 lakh Indian citizens acquired citizenship in OECD countries.
• India and China together accounted for one-third of all international students in OECD member nations.

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