6 October 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Government Shutdown in the United States

The United States is experiencing its first government shutdown since 2019 after Congress failed to pass crucial budget appropriation bills, primarily due to political deadlock over healthcare spending.

About U.S. Government Shutdown:

1. Definition:

A government shutdown occurs when the U.S. Congress fails to pass annual appropriation bills by October 1, the start of the new fiscal year.
This results in a temporary halt in federal operations due to the absence of legally authorized funding.

2. Legal Basis:

• The Antideficiency Act (1884) prohibits federal spending without congressional approval.
• A 1980 reinterpretation of the Act made shutdowns mandatory whenever funding lapses occur.

3. Temporary Relief:

Congress can avert a shutdown by passing a Continuing Resolution (CR), which temporarily extends existing funding levels until a new budget is finalized.

4. Historical Record:

• Since 1976, the U.S. has faced 20 shutdowns.
• The longest lasted 35 days (2018–19) during the Trump administration.

5. Fiscal Year:

• October 1 – September 30 (U.S.)
• India: April 1 – March 31

Reasons Behind the Shutdown:

• Political Gridlock: Divided control of Congress and the Presidency delays approval of spending bills, resulting in funding lapses.
• Partisan Polarisation: Deep ideological rifts between Democrats and Republicans hinder consensus, especially when each party controls one chamber.
• Policy Confrontations: Shutdown threats are often used as political leverage — as seen in disputes over healthcare subsidies (2025) and border wall funding (2018–19).
• Structural Separation of Powers: The U.S. Constitution’s separation of powers allows legislative-executive deadlocks to persist, as neither branch dissolves automatically.
• Bicameral Approval Requirement: Unlike India—where only the Lok Sabha votes on appropriation bills—both the House and Senate must pass the bills in the U.S.

Consequences of a U.S. Government Shutdown:

• Furloughs: Non-essential federal employees are placed on temporary unpaid leave, disrupting administrative and citizen services.
• Essential Services Continue: Critical sectors such as defence, law enforcement, and air traffic control operate, but often without immediate pay.
• Public Disruptions: Closure of federal agencies, national parks, research labs, and other institutions reduces public access and halts data collection.
• Exempt Programs: Social Security, Medicare, and entitlement schemes continue as they are funded by permanent laws, not annual appropriations.
• Economic Impact: Prolonged shutdowns slow GDP growth, delay contracts, and weaken investor confidence in U.S. fiscal governance.

Why India Avoids Such Shutdowns:

• Parliamentary Structure: The executive is part of the legislature, ensuring budget passage through majority control.
• Vote on Account (Article 116): Allows interim funding to maintain government operations until the full budget is approved.
• Political Stability: Party discipline and anti-defection laws ensure smooth passage of appropriation bills, avoiding gridlocks common in the U.S. system.

While U.S. government shutdowns reflect structural tensions in its separation-of-powers model, India’s parliamentary fusion of executive and legislature ensures continuity of governance, demonstrating the contrasting fiscal resilience of the two democracies.

India Emerges as the World’s Fastest-Growing Dairy Produce

Why in News

India’s dairy industry has witnessed remarkable growth over the past decade, with milk production surging by nearly 70% — from 146 million tonnes in 2014–15 to 239 million tonnes in 2023–24 — consolidating its position as the largest and fastest-growing milk producer globally.

India’s Dairy Sector Overview

1. Global Leadership:

• India accounts for 24.76% of the world’s total milk production, maintaining its position as the global leader.

2. Economic Importance:

• Dairy is the largest agricultural commodity in India, contributing about 5% to national GDP.
• Provides direct or indirect employment to over 8 crore farmers, mostly smallholders.

3. Growth Performance:

• The livestock sector grew at a CAGR of 7.9% (2014–15 to 2020–21) — outpacing the overall agriculture sector.

4. Per Capita Availability:

• 471 grams/day (2023–24), significantly higher than the global average of 322 grams/day.

5. Top Milk-Producing States:

• Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh.

Key Drivers Behind India’s Dairy Success

1. Institutional Framework

(a) National Dairy Development Board (NDDB):

Set up in 1965 at Anand to replicate the Amul cooperative model nationwide.

(b) Operation Flood (1970):

Revolutionized India’s dairy sector by establishing a national cooperative network for milk procurement and marketing.

(c) Recognition:

NDDB was declared an Institution of National Importance in 1987 through an Act of Parliament.

2. Growth in Bovine Productivity

• India’s bovine population stands at 303.76 million, forming the backbone of milk production.
• Between 2014 and 2022, bovine productivity rose by 27.39%, the highest in the world, surpassing nations like China, Germany, and Denmark.

3. Cooperative and Producer Network

The cooperative ecosystem includes:

• 22 milk federations,
• 241 district cooperative unions,
• 28 marketing dairies, and
• 25 Milk Producer Organisations (MPOs).

4. Role of Women in the Dairy Economy

• Women contribute nearly 70% of the total dairy workforce.
• Around 35% of them hold active roles in dairy cooperatives, strengthening rural livelihoods and gender inclusion.

Significance

• Reinforces rural income security and women empowerment.
• Enhances nutritional security and supports export potential of dairy products.
• Strengthens India’s role as a global dairy hub aligned with the vision of ‘Atmanirbhar Krishi’ (self-reliant agriculture).

Aspirational Agriculture Districts under Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana

Why in News

The Central Government has identified 100 Aspirational Agriculture Districts across 29 States and Union Territories to be developed under the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY).

Top Performing States:

• Uttar Pradesh – 12 districts
• Maharashtra – 9 districts
• Madhya Pradesh & Rajasthan – 8 districts each
• Bihar – 7 districts

About Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)

• Approval: Cleared by the Union Cabinet in July 2025.
• Design: Modeled on the success of the Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP).
• Budget & Duration: ₹24,000 crore over six years (2025–31).
• Objective: To drive agricultural transformation in 100 districts through targeted, data-driven, and convergence-based interventions.

Key Features

1.Convergence Approach:

• Integrates 36 Central schemes from 11 Ministries, along with State initiatives and private sector partnerships.
• Focuses on saturation-based delivery to reach every farmer, avoiding duplication of schemes.

2. Five Core Goals:

• Enhance agricultural productivity through modern techniques and technology.
• Promote crop diversification and sustainable farming practices.
• Strengthen post-harvest management and storage at local levels.
• Improve irrigation infrastructure for efficient water use.
• Expand farmers’ access to agricultural credit and financial inclusion.

3. Implementation Framework:

• Districts will act as growth hubs through localized planning and coordination among Central and State departments.
• Continuous monitoring via real-time performance dashboards.

Linkages with Aspirational Districts and Blocks Programmes

1. Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP) – 2018:

• Launched by NITI Aayog to accelerate development in backward and remote districts.
• Focused on improving governance and basic service delivery in areas such as health, education, agriculture, and infrastructure.

2. Aspirational Blocks Programme (ABP) – 2023:

• Expanded the ADP model to 500 blocks, ensuring last-mile access to welfare schemes and services.

Significance of PMDDKY

• Aims to make India’s agriculture sector more resilient, diversified, and farmer-centric.
• Promotes public–private collaboration for rural value chain development.
• Aligns with Viksit Bharat 2047 vision by ensuring equitable growth in rural and agri-economy sectors.

NATO Pipeline Syste

Why in News

Poland has announced its decision to join the NATO Pipeline System (NPS), backed by an investment of €4.7 billion, marking a significant step towards strengthening its logistical integration with NATO allies.

About the NATO Pipeline System (NPS)

1. Origin and Purpose:

• Established during the Cold War era, the NPS was designed to ensure efficient and secure fuel supply to NATO forces across Europe.
• It facilitates the storage, distribution, and transportation of fuels and lubricants for both peacetime and wartime operations.

2. Network Coverage:

• The system extends approximately 10,000 km across 12 NATO member countries.
• It links refineries, storage depots, airbases, airports, and other key transport hubs, ensuring seamless logistical connectivity.
• It has a total storage capacity of about 4.1 million cubic metres.

3. Management Structure:

• Most national pipeline segments are managed by individual member states, aligning with their national infrastructure and security priorities.
• The Central Europe Pipeline System (CEPS) functions as a multinational network, managed by the NATO Support and Procurement Agency (NSPA).

Significance of Poland’s Inclusion

• Strengthens NATO’s eastern logistical and defence architecture amid evolving regional security dynamics.
• Enhances interoperability and energy resilience among European allies.
• Supports rapid military mobility and sustained operations across NATO territories.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO):

• Founded in 1949, NATO is a political and military alliance of 32 countries from Europe and North America.
• It is based on the principle of collective defence — under Article 5 of the NATO Treaty, an attack against one member is considered an attack against all.
• NATO’s core objectives include deterring aggression, promoting democratic values, and ensuring transatlantic security.

Raksha-IBR Vaccine

Indian Immunologicals Ltd. (IIL), a subsidiary of the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), has launched Raksha-IBR — India’s first indigenously developed glycoprotein E (gE)-deleted DIVA marker vaccine for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR).

About Raksha-IBR:

• Raksha-IBR is the country’s first indigenously developed vaccine specifically designed to combat Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), a major viral disease affecting cattle health and productivity.
• Scientific Basis: Developed using a weakened (attenuated) strain of Bovine Herpes Virus-1 (BHV-1).
• Ensures strong protective immunity while minimizing the risk of active infection.
• DIVA Marker Feature: The vaccine is glycoprotein E (gE) deleted, making it a DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) vaccine.
• Enables easy identification of naturally infected cattle, aiding in better disease surveillance and control.

About Glycoprotein E (gE):

1. Type:

An envelope protein found in viruses belonging to the alphaherpesvirus family, including Bovine Herpes Virus.

2. Function:

Acts as a virulence factor, helping the virus evade host immune responses.

3. Vaccine Mechanism:

Raksha-IBR removes the gE gene, preventing immune evasion and allowing diagnostic tests to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals.

About DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals):

1. Concept:

• A veterinary vaccination strategy using marker vaccines that allow differentiation between animals infected naturally and those vaccinated.

2. Mechanism:

• These vaccines lack a specific antigen (negative marker) present in the wild pathogen.
• Diagnostic tests can detect this absence, distinguishing vaccinated animals from infected ones.

3. Benefits:

• Targeted disease management through selective identification and removal of infected livestock.
• Prevents unnecessary culling, thereby safeguarding healthy vaccinated populations.

Significance of Raksha-IBR:

• Strengthens India’s livestock health infrastructure and self-reliance in veterinary biotechnology.
• Supports the National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP).
• Enhances dairy productivity and farmers’ income by preventing losses from IBR outbreaks.

Model Youth Gram Sabha (MYGS) Initiative

The Ministry of Panchayati Raj, in collaboration with the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, has launched the Model Youth Gram Sabha (MYGS) initiative in October 2025 to strengthen youth engagement in grassroots democracy.

Key Highlights:

1. Objective:

• The initiative aims to familiarize students with the functioning of Gram Sabhas, fostering awareness about local governance, decision-making, and community participation.

2. Format:

• Inspired by the Model United Nations (MUN) format.
• Students will simulate the proceedings of a real Gram Sabha.

3. Participants:

Students from Classes 9 to 12 will assume various administrative and community roles such as:

• Sarpanch (Village Head)
• Village Secretary
• Anganwadi Worker
• Auxiliary Nurse Midwife
• Junior Engineer, among others.

4. Coverage (Phase I):

• 600 Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas (JNVs)
• 200 Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS)

India Conferred with Prestigious ISSA Award 2025

India has received the International Social Security Association (ISSA) Award 2025 for Outstanding Achievement in Social Security during the World Social Security Forum held in Kuala Lumpur.

About the International Social Security Association (ISSA):

1. Established:

• 1927 under the International Labour Organization (ILO).

2. Headquarters:

• Geneva, Switzerland.

3. Objective:

• To promote excellence and innovation in social security administration worldwide.

4. Membership:

• Over 320 institutions from 160+ countries.

5. Functions:

• Develops global standards and research in social security.
• Provides a professional network for member organizations.
• Offers technical support, training, and best practice sharing.
• Advocates for comprehensive and sustainable social protection systems.

One Liners – Current Affairs Highlights

Bharat Mata on Indian Currency (Source: HT)

• In News: Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveiled a ₹100 commemorative coin marking the centenary of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).
• Significance: This is the first instance of ‘Bharat Mata’ appearing on Indian currency.
• Background: The RSS, founded in 1925 by Keshav Baliram Hedgewar in Nagpur, is recognized as the world’s largest volunteer organization.

M.F. Husain Museum in Doha, Qatar (Source: MD)

1. In News:

• A museum dedicated to the life and works of Maqbool Fida Husain is set to open in Doha, Qatar.

2. About M.F. Husain:

• Famously known as the “Picasso of India.”
• Co-founder of the Bombay Progressive Artists’ Group (PAG).
• Played a pivotal role in integrating global avant-garde art styles into modern Indian art.

???????? Japan’s First Woman Prime Minister – Sanae Takaichi (Source: IE)

• In News: Sanae Takaichi is set to become Japan’s first female Prime Minister after being elected leader of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).
• Background: She succeeds Shigeru Ishiba, who resigned following the coalition government’s loss of majority in both houses of Japan’s Parliament.

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