7 November 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 7 November 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

India AI Governance Guidelines, 2025

India Releases AI Governance Guidelines 2025 Under IndiaAI Mission for Safe and Responsible AI Adoption.

Framework Overview

The guidelines are built on Six Pillars of AI Governance, grouped under three domains:

1. Enablement

• Infrastructure Development
• Capacity Building

2. Regulation

• Policy and Regulatory Frameworks
• Risk Mitigation Mechanisms

3. Oversight

• Accountability Measures
• Institutional Frameworks

Timelines for Action Plan

• Short-term: Develop India-specific AI risk frameworks, liability regimes.
• Medium-term: Integrate Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) with AI, publish national AI standards.
• Long-term: Draft new AI-related laws addressing emerging risks and technologies.

Institutional Framework

Implementation and Coordination by:

• High-Level Body: AI Governance Group
• Government Agencies: MeitY, MHA, etc.
• Sectoral Regulators: RBI, SEBI, TRAI, CCI, etc.
• Advisory Bodies: NITI Aayog, Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA), etc.
• Standards Bodies: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), Telecommunication Engineering Centre (TEC), etc.

Practical Guidelines

• For Industry Actors: Establish grievance redressal mechanisms for AI-related harms and misuse.
• For Regulators: Develop flexible and adaptive AI governance frameworks, enabling continuous monitoring, review, and stakeholder-based recalibration.

G20 Releases Report on Global Inequality, 2025

G20 Releases 2025 Report Highlighting Global Income and Wealth Inequality, Urges Coordinated Solutions.

Key Findings

1. Income Inequality

• Around 83% of countries exhibit high income inequality (Gini coefficient > 0.4).
• These nations account for 90% of the world’s population.

2. Wealth Inequality

• From 2000 to 2024, the richest 1% captured 41% of all new wealth generated globally.
• The bottom 50% secured only 1% of this new wealth.
• In India, the top 1% increased their wealth share by 62% during this period.

Major Drivers of Inequality

1. Neoliberal Economic Policies

• Deregulation of financial and labor markets.
• Weakening of competition laws and reduction in progressive taxation.

2. Monopoly Concentration

• Rising corporate dominance boosts capital owners’ incomes while eroding real wages.

3. Globalization and Technological Shifts

• Cross-border capital mobility and automation reduce the bargaining power of less-skilled labor.

4. Political Influence of Economic Elites

• Policy capture and lobbying reinforce structural inequality.

5. Historical Factors

• Unequal asset distribution (e.g., land ownership patterns) continues to shape inequality in developing countries.

Key Recommendations

• Create an International Panel on Inequality (IPI): To regularly assess global inequality trends, drivers, and policy impacts.
• Implement Progressive Global Taxation: Introduce a global minimum tax targeting ultra-wealthy individuals.
• Reform Intellectual Property (IP) Regimes: Enable compulsory licensing/waivers for essential technologies related to climate change and health crises.
• Guarantee Universal Access to Essential Services: Expand access to quality healthcare, education, and social protection systems.

India Demonstrates First Extensive Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Network

India Demonstrates First Large-Scale Quantum Key Distribution Network Developed by QNu Labs.

Overview

• India’s first extensive Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) network has been successfully demonstrated over 500 km using existing optical fiber infrastructure.
• The project was funded under the I-Hub Quantum Technology Foundation through the National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NMICPS).
• Marks a major milestone in developing quantum-secure communication capabilities for national security and digital sovereignty.

About Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)

• Definition: A secure communication method that uses quantum mechanics to generate and share encryption keys between two parties.
• Principle: Quantum particles (like photons) exhibit both wave and particle properties — any attempt to eavesdrop changes their state, instantly revealing intrusion attempts.
• Mediums: QKD can operate via: Optical fiber, Free-space communication, Satellite-based transmission

Advantages

• Enables unbreakable encryption—detects and blocks eavesdropping or snooping attacks.
• Highly suitable for critical sectors — Defence, Government networks, Banking, Healthcare, Data Centres, and Telecom infrastructure.

Related Quantum Innovations

1. QSIP (Quantum Random Number Generator System-in-Package)

• India’s first quantum security chip, providing quantum-certified randomness for cryptographic algorithms.
• Protects digital systems from cyber threats and future quantum attacks.

2. 25-qubit Quantum Processing Unit (QPU)

• Developed by QpiAI, a Bengaluru-based startup.
• India’s first quantum computing chip with 25 superconducting qubits.
• Integrated into QpiAI-Indus, India’s first full-stack quantum computer covering all layers of quantum technology.

Significance

• Positions India among the global leaders in quantum communication technologies.
• Strengthens Atmanirbhar Bharat in the frontier field of Quantum Security and Computing.
• Enhances national capability in secure data transmission for strategic sectors.

NexCAR19: India’s First Indigenous CAR T-Cell Therapy Revolutionizing Cancer Care

India Launches First Indigenous CAR T-Cell Therapy, NexCAR19 Developed by ImmunoACT with DBT and BIRAC Support, Transforming Cancer Treatment.

Overview

• NexCAR19 is India’s first indigenously developed CAR T-cell therapy for treating B-cell blood cancers.
• Developed by: ImmunoACT (Incubated at IIT Bombay & Tata Memorial Hospital)
  Supported by: Department of Biotechnology (DBT) & Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC)
• It received market authorization from CDSCO in 2023.
• Marks a major step in making advanced cancer immunotherapy affordable and accessible in India.

About CAR (Chimeric Antigen Receptor) T-Cell Therapy

1. Concept:

• A form of immunotherapy that involves modifying a patient’s T-cells (a type of white blood cell) to attack and destroy cancer cells.

2. Process:

• T-cells are extracted from the patient’s blood.
• They are genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that recognize cancer-specific antigens.
• The modified CAR-T cells are multiplied and infused back into the patient.

Key Benefits

• Shorter Treatment Duration: Faster recovery than chemotherapy or stem cell transplants.
• Long-term Protection: CAR-T cells remain active, reducing the chance of relapse.
• Cost-effective Innovation: NexCAR19 costs significantly less than imported CAR-T therapies (which can exceed ₹3–4 crore abroad).

Challenges / Risks

1. Cancer-Specific:

• Each CAR-T therapy is designed for one type of cancer only.

2. Potential Side Effects:

• Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS): Overactivation of immune response.
• Neurotoxicity: Adverse effects on the nervous system.
• Infection Risk: Due to immune suppression.

State of State Finances Report 2025

PRS Legislative Research Releases State of State Finances Report 2025.

Report Highlights Rising Salaries, Pensions, Subsidies, and Interest Payments Restrict States’ Fiscal Flexibility and Development Spending.

Key Findings

1. High Committed Expenditure

• States spent 62% of their revenue receipts on salaries, pensions, interest, and subsidies in 2023–24.
• This leaves limited space for capital and social sector investments.

2. Declining GST Revenue Share

• Revenue from GST-subsumed taxes dropped from 6.5% of GDP (2015–16) to 5.5% (2023–24).
• The 15th Finance Commission had projected a 7% medium-term ratio, showing underperformance in GST-based revenue mobilization.

3. Reduction in Untied Transfers

• Untied transfers (funds states can spend freely) fell to 64% under the 15th Finance Commission.
• This reduces state autonomy and spending flexibility.

4. Rising Debt Burden

• States’ outstanding debt is 27.5% of GDP (2024–25) — well above the FRBM target of 20%.
• Only Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Odisha meet the benchmark.

5. Soaring Interest Costs

• Interest payments grew by 10% annually (2016–17 to 2024–25) — faster than overall revenue growth.

6. Cash Transfers and Fiscal Pressure

• 12 states are now providing unconditional cash transfers to women, adding fiscal strain.

7. Widening Income Inequality Among States

• Richer states generate more revenue per capita and spend more on development, widening the economic gap with poorer states.

Way Forward

1. Fiscal Discipline

• Cut revenue deficits.
• Avoid borrowing for routine expenditure.
• Eliminate off-budget borrowings.

2. Debt Management

• Bring state debt closer to 20% of GDP target to contain rising interest liabilities.

3. Revenue Reforms

• Rationalize GST slabs.
• Improve non-tax revenues (user charges, mining royalties, asset monetization).
• Strengthen property tax and excise systems.

4. Smart Spending

• Rationalize subsidies and cash transfers.
• Control committed expenditure.
• Protect capital spending for long-term growth.
• Increase untied transfers to enhance fiscal autonomy.

The Baku to Belém Roadmap to 1.3T Report

Overview

• Released ahead of: COP-30 (Belém, Brazil)
• Purpose: To chart a pathway for mobilizing USD 1.3 trillion per year by 2035 in climate finance for developing nations.
• Immediate Goal: USD 300 billion to be delivered as part of the overall target.

Key Focus

The report stresses the need for predictable, equitable, and enhanced climate finance from developed to developing countries.

5R Action Framework

1. Replenishment:

• Developed countries must scale up grants and concessional climate finance to meet commitments.
• Focus on replenishing multilateral climate funds (like GCF, GEF).

2. Rebalancing:

• IMF, creditor nations, and MDBs should reduce debt stress on developing nations.
• Encourages debt swaps for climate investments.

3. Rechanneling:

• Redirect global financial flows using catalytic and risk-mitigation tools (e.g., guarantees, forex hedging, blended finance).
• Strengthen role of MDBs and DFIs in scaling finance access.

4. Revamping:

• Governments to integrate climate and nature goals into national budgets and investment frameworks.
• Align fiscal systems with green transition plans.

5. Reshaping:

• Reform global financial architecture to unlock private capital and ensure fair distribution of funds.
• Focus on equity and access for Global South countries.

Significance

• Establishes a structured framework to operationalize the new collective quantified goal (NCQG) on climate finance post-2025.
• Seeks to transform climate finance from a pledge-based to a systemic, sustained mechanism.

Bangladesh joins the UN Water Convention

Bangladesh has become the first country in South Asia to join the UN Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (also known as the Water Convention).

This move strengthens regional water cooperation and sustainable management of shared rivers and lakes.

About the Water Convention

• Adopted: 1992 (Helsinki, Finland)
• Entered into force: 1996
• Under: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)
• Type: Legally binding international treaty

Key Provisions

1. Promotes:

• Sustainable management of transboundary water resources.

2. Obligations for Parties:

• Prevent, control, and reduce transboundary impacts (like pollution, overuse, and degradation).
• Ensure reasonable, equitable, and sustainable use of shared waters.
• Cooperate through agreements and joint bodies (e.g., river basin organizations).
• Exchange data, conduct joint monitoring, and promote public participation.

Global Significance

• Originally limited to UNECE member states, but since 2016, it has been open to all UN member countries.
• Facilitates peaceful and cooperative transboundary water governance, especially for river basins like the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Meghna in South Asia.

Gogabeel Lake designated as a Ramsar Site

Overview

• Location: Katihar district, Bihar
• Status: Declared India’s 94th Ramsar Site
• Type: Oxbow lake (wetland)
• Formed by: The combined hydrological influence of Mahananda and Kankhar rivers (north) and Ganga River (south & east)

Key Features

1. First Community:

• Reserve of Bihar - recognized for local community participation in conservation.

2. Ecological Significance:

• Supports a rich diversity of avifauna including migratory bird species.
• Acts as an important bird nesting and feeding ground.

3. Hydrological Role:

• Maintains groundwater balance and serves as a flood buffer in the Ganga basin.

Other Recent Ramsar Additions (All in Bihar)

• Gokul Jalashay: 92nd Ramsar site (Buxar district)
• Udaipur Jheel: 93rd Ramsar site (West Champaran district)
• Gogabeel Lake: 94th Ramsar site (Katihar district)

Satellite-based Internet: Starlink–Maharashtra Partnership

Elon Musk–owned Starlink signed an MoU with the Maharashtra government to provide satellite-based internet connectivity to remote and underserved regions.

Objective: Bridge the digital divide and enhance digital infrastructure in rural and tribal areas.

About Satellite-Based Internet

• Definition: A wireless broadband system that uses communication satellites orbiting the Earth to deliver internet services.
• Distinct Feature: Unlike fiber, cable, or DSL, it doesn’t rely on ground-based wiring — ideal for geographically difficult terrains.

How It Works

• User sends data from a dish antenna to a satellite in orbit.
• The satellite relays signals to ground stations connected to the global internet.
• Data then returns the same way to the user.

LEO (Low Earth Orbit) Satellites

• Operate at altitudes of ~500–2000 km (vs. 36,000 km for geostationary satellites).
• Offer faster speeds and lower latency - ideal for real-time applications like video calls or online learning.
• Starlink uses a constellation of such LEO satellites.

Significance

• Provides connectivity in remote, hilly, island, or forest regions.
• Boosts education, healthcare, e-governance, and financial inclusion.
• Reduces India’s rural-urban digital gap and strengthens Digital India goals.

Project Suncatcher – Google’s Space-Based AI Initiative

Google has launched Project Suncatcher, an experimental program to test AI data centres in space.

Objective

To explore AI computing in space by using solar-powered satellites orbiting in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).

Key Features

1. AI in Orbit:

• Envisions a constellation of compact satellites, each equipped with Google’s Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) — custom chips designed for machine learning and AI tasks.

2. Sustainable Power:

• Satellites will rely on solar energy for running AI computations, reducing dependence on Earth-based data centres.

3. Prototype Phase:

• Two prototype satellites to be launched by 2027.
• Tests will include power generation efficiency, chip performance, and data transmission capabilities.

Significance

• Could revolutionize edge AI computing and space-based data processing.
• Reduces latency and energy costs compared to terrestrial data centres.
• Potential applications: climate monitoring, satellite imagery analysis, disaster response, and real-time AI decision-making in orbit.

Doha Declaration – Second World Summit for Social Development

Background

• Adopted at the Second World Summit for Social Development.
• First Summit: Copenhagen, Denmark, 1995.
• Convened by: United Nations General Assembly.

Key Highlights

• Reaffirms 1995 Copenhagen Commitments on social development.
• Interlinked Priorities: Poverty eradication, decent work, and social inclusion are treated as mutually reinforcing objectives.
• Social Protection: Advocates for universal and gender-responsive social protection systems.
• Equitable Access: Calls for fair access to education and health services for all.
• Inclusivity: Emphasizes social inclusion and addressing inequalities across populations.

Significance

• Provides a global framework for policies promoting inclusive, equitable, and sustainable social development.
• Strengthens international commitment to combating poverty while promoting human rights and social justice.

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