7 October 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Ministry of Mines Issues Guidelines for Critical Mineral Recycling Incentive Scheme (CMRIS)

The Ministry of Mines has issued detailed guidelines for the Critical Mineral Recycling Incentive Scheme (CMRIS) - a flagship initiative under the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM).

The scheme seeks to enhance India’s recycling capacity and self-reliance in the supply of key minerals vital for clean energy and advanced technologies.

About CMRIS

1. Objective:

• To incentivize the development of recycling facilities for separation and extraction of critical minerals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements.

2. Target:

• Develop 270 kilo tonnes (KT) of annual recycling capacity.
• Produce 40 KT of critical minerals.
• Attract ₹8,000 crore in investments.

3. Incentive Structure:

• Capital Expenditure (CapEx): Reimbursement-based incentives.
• Operational Expenditure (OpEx): Linked to achievement of a threshold incremental sale.

4. Tenure:

• Valid for six financial years (FY 2025–26 to FY 2030–31).

5. Eligible Feedstock:

• E-waste
• Spent Lithium-ion Batteries (LiBs)
• Other industrial scrap materials

6. Applicability:

• New units, as well as modernization, diversification, or expansion of existing facilities.

Significance of Recycling Critical Minerals

• Enhances Supply Security: Reduces dependence on primary mining and imported minerals by creating a domestic secondary supply chain.
• Supports Sustainability: Recycled minerals like nickel, cobalt, and lithium generate up to 80% less greenhouse gas emissions compared to mined materials.
• Promotes Circular Economy: Encourages responsible waste management and resource recovery.

About the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM)

1. Nodal Ministry:

• Ministry of Mines.

2. Duration:

• FY 2024–25 to FY 2030–31.

3. Objective:

• To secure domestic and global mineral supply chains and strengthen India’s position in the global energy transition ecosystem.

4. Key Focus Areas:

• Exploration, mining, processing, recycling, R&D, and skill development.

5. Major Targets:

• 1,200 domestic exploration projects for critical minerals.
• 400 KT recycling capacity.
• 1,000 patents across the mineral value chain.
• Establishment of three Centres of Excellence for critical mineral innovation.

India’s First Cooperative Multi-Feed Compressed Biogas (CBG) Plant Inaugurated in Maharashtra

India’s first cooperative multi-feed Compressed Biogas (CBG) plant has been inaugurated in Maharashtra, marking a significant milestone in the country’s green energy transition.

The project has been developed with the assistance of the National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC).

About National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)

• Established: 1963.
• Type: Statutory organization under the Ministry of Cooperation.
• Objective: To promote and finance cooperative development across agriculture, processing, marketing, storage, and rural industries.

About Compressed Biogas (CBG)

1. Definition:

• CBG is produced by purifying raw biogas, making it comparable in quality and usage to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG).

2. Production Process:

• Raw Biogas Source: Biomass and waste such as agricultural residues, cattle dung, and food waste.
• Composition of Raw Biogas:
  - Methane (CH₄): 55–60%
  - Carbon dioxide (CO₂): 35–40%
  - Impurities: Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), water vapour, etc.
• Purification: Removal of H₂S, CO₂, and moisture to achieve >90% methane concentration.
• Compression: Gas is compressed to 200–250 bar pressure to obtain CBG.

Significance of CBG

1. Energy Security:

• Reduces import dependency on natural gas and crude oil.

2. Environmental Benefits:

• Mitigates carbon emissions, aligning with India’s Panchamrit climate commitments.
• Promotes cleaner combustion and pollution reduction.

3. Waste Management:

• Converts agricultural and organic waste into valuable energy and fertilizer products.

4. Rural Development:

• Provides additional income to farmers, encourages cooperative participation, and creates employment opportunities in rural areas.

Government Initiatives to Promote CBG

• National Policy on Biofuels (2018): Emphasizes the promotion of advanced biofuels, including CBG, to diversify India’s energy mix.
• GOBAR-DHAN Scheme: Aims to convert cattle dung and farm waste into Bio-CNG (CBG) and compost, fostering rural sanitation and waste utilization.
• SATAT Initiative (Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation): Encourages the setup of CBG plants to promote eco-friendly transport fuels and build a robust CBG ecosystem.

PM-SETU: Pradhan Mantri Skilling and Employability Transformation through Upgraded ITIs

The Prime Minister has launched the PM-SETU scheme, a flagship initiative of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, aimed at transforming India’s vocational training landscape.

About the Scheme

• Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme
• Outlay: ₹60,000 crore
• Objective: To modernize and upgrade 1,000 Government Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) into industry-aligned, technology-driven training hubs.

Implementation Framework

1. Model:

Hub-and-Spoke System

• 200 Hub ITIs → Equipped with innovation centres, production units, incubation facilities, trainer training, and placement cells.
• 800 Spoke ITIs → Extend training and outreach support at the local level.

2. Governance:

• Establishment of Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) with Anchor Industry Partners for cluster-based management.
• Emphasis on outcome-based training and industry collaboration.

Key Components

• Introduction of new demand-driven courses and modernization of existing curricula in partnership with industry.
• Integration of long-term diplomas, short-term skill programs, and executive courses.
• Development of five National Skill Training Institutes (NSTIs)—in Bhubaneswar, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kanpur, and Ludhiana—as Centres of Excellence through global tie-ups.

Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs): Overview

1. Role:

• Backbone of Vocational Education and Training (VET) in India since the 1950s.

2. Administration:

• Operate under state governments, with accreditation managed by the Directorate General of Training (DGT).

3. Current Status:

• ~15,034 ITIs operational, of which 78% are privately managed.

4. Complementary Schemes:

• STRIVE (Skills Strengthening for Industrial Value Enhancement)
• Model ITI Scheme
• ESDI (Enhancing Skill Development Infrastructure in North Eastern States)

Significance

• Strengthens industry-academia linkages for job-ready youth.
• Promotes innovation-driven vocational education.
• Enhances employability and supports the ‘Viksit Bharat @2047’ vision through a skilled workforce.

Massive Landslides in the Eastern Himalayan Region

Heavy rainfall has recently triggered multiple landslides across Darjeeling and Kalimpong districts of West Bengal, highlighting the increasing vulnerability of the Eastern Himalayas to such disasters.

What is a Landslide?

A landslide refers to the downward movement of rock, earth, or debris along a slope under the influence of gravity. It is one of the most frequent natural hazards in mountainous terrains.

• India’s Vulnerability: According to ISRO’s Landslide Atlas (2023), about 12.6% of India’s land area is prone to landslides.
• Nearly three-fourths of this vulnerable area lies within the Himalayan region, making it one of the most landslide-prone zones globally.

Why the Himalayas Are Highly Susceptible

1. Natural Factors:

• Tectonic Instability: Formed by the ongoing collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, the Himalayas are geologically young and fragile, marked by active faults and fractured rock formations.
• Intense Rainfall & Weather Extremes: Monsoon downpours, cloudbursts, and snowmelt saturate soil layers, weakening slope stability.
• Climate Change: Rising global temperatures have intensified extreme weather events, further increasing slope vulnerability.
• Other Factors: Seismic activity, steep topography, and poor drainage often trigger secondary landslides.

2. Anthropogenic Factors:

• Unplanned Infrastructure Development: Road cutting, tunneling, and slope excavation destabilize fragile hill slopes.
• Deforestation and Land-Use Change: Urban expansion, mining, and encroachments alter natural drainage patterns and reduce vegetation cover, diminishing slope cohesion.

Landslide Management in India

Guidelines by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA):

1. Hazard Zonation & Risk Mapping:

• Identify, map, and monitor landslide-prone and snow avalanche-prone areas.

2. Multi-Hazard Planning:

• Integrate landslide risk into broader disaster management and mitigation frameworks.

3. Early Warning Systems:

• Establish real-time monitoring networks and alert mechanisms in high-risk zones.

4. Emergency Response Preparedness:

• Coordinate between scientists, engineers, local bodies, the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), and paramilitary agencies.

5. Other Measures:

Capacity building and specialized training programs

• Public awareness and community participation
• Creation of a Disaster Knowledge Network
• Development of a legal and institutional framework for landslide management

World’s Highest Motorable Road Constructed at Mig La Pass

The Border Roads Organisation (BRO), under Project Himank, has constructed the world’s highest motorable road at Mig La Pass, situated at an altitude of 19,400 feet above sea level in Ladakh.

About Mig La Pass

• Location: Situated on the Changthang Plateau in Ladakh, near the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China.
• Strategic Importance: The road forms a key link along the Likaru–Mig La–Fukche axis, connecting to the Fukche airfield, one of India’s highest advanced landing grounds near the LAC.
• Altitude Record: Surpasses previous records to become the world’s highest motorable road, showcasing India’s engineering capabilities in extreme high-altitude terrain.

About Project Himank

• Established: 1985 by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO).
• Objective: Development and maintenance of strategic road infrastructure in the Ladakh region to enhance connectivity and border security.
• Notable Achievements: Construction of several high-altitude roads and passes, including Khardung La and Umling La, contributing to both defence logistics and tourism in Ladakh.

Koshi River

The overflowing Koshi River has heightened the risk of floods and landslides in Bihar (India) and Nepal, affecting thousands of residents in the transboundary basin.

About the Koshi (Kosi) River

1. Type:

• Transboundary river between China, Nepal, and India.

2. Origin:

• Arises in southern Tibet (China) and is formed by the confluence of three main tributaries — Sun Kosi, Arun Kosi, and Tamur Kosi — in eastern Nepal.

3. Course:

• Flows through Nepal, draining the eastern Himalayas.
• Enters India in north Bihar, where it joins the Ganga River near Kursela in Katihar district.

4. Catchment:

• The Koshi basin includes Mt. Everest and Kanchenjunga, making it one of the most dynamic river systems in the Himalayas.

Key Facts

• Nicknamed: “Sorrow of Bihar” due to its frequent floods, shifting course, and massive sediment deposition, which cause large-scale displacement and loss of life and property.
• Major Tributaries in India: Kamla River, Bagmati River
• Hydrological Importance: Carries one of the highest sediment loads among Himalayan rivers and Constantly changes its course across a wide alluvial fan in north Bihar.

Coral Triangle

The Philippines has launched a coral larvae cryobank to preserve reef biodiversity by freezing coral “seeds” for future restoration and research.

This initiative is part of a broader regional effort to establish a network of cryobanks across the Coral Triangle.

About the Coral Triangle

1. Nickname:

• “Amazon of the Seas” - due to its immense marine biodiversity.

2. Spans 5.7 million sq. km across six countries:

• Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, sTimor-Leste

3. Significance:

• Contains >75% of the world’s coral species.
• Home to one-third of all reef fish species.
• Supports extensive mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and other critical marine habitats.

Importance of the Cryobank

• Biodiversity Preservation: Freezes coral larvae to safeguard against climate change, bleaching events, and habitat loss.
• Research and Restoration: Provides a genetic repository for future reef restoration and scientific studies.
• Regional Cooperation: Enhances collaboration among Coral Triangle nations to protect marine ecosystems.

KONKAN-25: India–UK Naval Exercise

The Indian Navy and the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom have commenced the bilateral maritime exercise KONKAN-25 off India’s western coast.

This marks the first-ever joint exercise involving both nations’ aircraft carriers — the UK’s HMS Prince of Wales and India’s INS Vikrant.

First Commercial Coal Mine in Arunachal Pradesh Inaugurated

India’s first commercial coal mine in Arunachal Pradesh has been inaugurated at the Namchik–Namphuk coal block, marking a significant milestone in expanding private participation in the coal sector.

The Government of India opened up commercial coal mining for the private sector in 2018, ending the decades-long monopoly of Coal India Limited (CIL).

NATPOLREX-X: National Level Marine Pollution Response Exercise

Indian Coast Guard (ICG) has commenced the 10th edition of the National Level Pollution Response Exercise (NATPOLREX-X) to test India’s preparedness and coordination in handling marine oil spill incidents.

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