11 February 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Ethiopia–Eritrea Conflict

Why in News

• Ethiopia accused Eritrea of military aggression and demanded the complete withdrawal of Eritrean troops from Ethiopian territory, signalling renewed instability in the Horn of Africa.

Background of the Conflict

1. Eritrean Independence & Border War (1993–2000:

• Eritrea gained independence in 1993, making Ethiopia landlocked.
• Dispute over the Badme border region triggered a full-scale war (1998–2000).
• Algiers Agreement (2000) ended hostilities and established an international boundary commission.

2. “No-War, No-Peace” Phase (2002–2018):

• Despite arbitration, border demarcation was not implemented.
• Relations remained frozen with military mobilisation but no active war.
• This stalemate destabilised the wider Horn of Africa.

3. Rapprochement & Peace Agreement (2018):

• Ethiopian PM Abiy Ahmed signed a peace deal with Eritrea.
• Borders reopened and diplomatic ties restored.
• Abiy Ahmed later received the Nobel Peace Prize (2019).

4. Tigray War & Eritrean Intervention (2020–2022):

• Eritrea militarily intervened alongside Ethiopian forces against the Tigray People’s Liberation Front.
• The Pretoria Agreement (2022) mandated Cessation of hostilities and Withdrawal of foreign forces (including Eritrean troops)
• Eritrea allegedly retained positions near border areas, violating the spirit of the agreement.

5. Current Flashpoints (2024–2026):

• Ethiopia’s demand for access to the Red Sea, especially via Port of Assab.
• Accusations that Eritrea is supporting Ethiopian insurgent groups.
• Heightened military posturing raises fears of regional escalation.

Strategic Significance of Eritrea

1. Geographic & Political Profile:

• Location: Horn of Africa
• Borders: Sudan (West), Ethiopia (South), Djibouti (Southeast)
• Capital: Asmara (UNESCO World Heritage Site for Italian modernist architecture)

2. Governance & Society:

• Often called the “North Korea of Africa” due to Mandatory indefinite national service, Severe restrictions on media and political freedoms, International isolation

3. Maritime Importance:

• Red Sea Coastline along eastern and northern borders
• Ports: Massawa and Assab
• Dahlak Archipelago: Strategic islands with naval and commercial potential
• Proximity to Bab el-Mandeb Strait, a critical global chokepoint linking: Red Sea ↔ Gulf of Aden ↔ Indian Ocean

4. Regional & Global Implications:

• Threatens Red Sea maritime security and global trade routes
• Risks destabilising Sudan, Djibouti, Somalia, and the wider Horn
• Increases geopolitical competition involving Gulf States, China, and Western navies

India–Eritrea Relations

• Eritrea is strategically relevant to India’s SAGAR doctrine (Security and Growth for All in the Region).
• Importance for Energy security, Indian Ocean–Red Sea trade routes, Access to the Suez Canal corridor
• Part of India’s broader engagement in Africa and the Western Indian Ocean.

President of Seychelles Visits India

Why in News?

• India and Seychelles announced a Joint Vision for Sustainability, Economic Growth, and Security through enhanced bilateral linkages.
• Visit marks 50 years of diplomatic relations between the two countries.

Key Outcomes of the Visit

1. Special Economic Package:

• India announced a USD 175 million assistance package.
• Focus areas: Development projects, Capacity building, Maritime security cooperation

2. Regional Security Cooperation:

• Seychelles to become a full member of the Colombo Security Conclave (CSC).
• CSC Members: India, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Maldives, Bangladesh
• Objective of CSC: Address transnational security threats & enhance maritime security and intelligence cooperation

3. Disaster Resilience:

• Seychelles agreed to join the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI).

4. Health Cooperation:

• Seychelles to recognize the Indian Pharmacopoeia.
• Enables procurement of affordable and quality Indian medicines.

5. Digital Transformation:

• India to assist Seychelles in building Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI).
• Includes governance, service delivery, and digital capacity building.

6. Maritime Cooperation:

• Seychelles to establish a Hydrographic Unit with Indian assistance.
• Enhances maritime navigation safety and oceanographic capacity.

Significance of Seychelles for India

1. Strategic Vision Alignment:

• Seychelles is a key pillar of SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) and vision MAHASAGAR (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions)

2. Geostrategic Importance:

• Located near critical Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs).
• Enables monitoring of vital shipping routes, especially the Mozambique Channel.
• Example: India’s efforts to develop Assumption Island for maritime surveillance.

3. Countering China’s Influence:

• India has deployed Coastal Surveillance Radar Systems in Seychelles.
• Aims to counter China’s growing presence via String of Pearls strategy, Two-Ocean Strategy, Belt and Road Initiative

4. Diplomatic Support:

• Seychelles supports India’s permanent membership in the UN Security Council.

5. Defence Cooperation:

• Regular joint maritime exercise LAMITYE strengthens defence ties.

India’s Mental Health Crisis: Insights from the Economic Survey and Union Budget

Why in News

• The Economic Survey 2025–26 and the Union Budget 2026–27 have highlighted the growing mental health burden in India, flagging its social, economic, and productivity-related consequences.
• The Budget announced institutional expansion and capacity strengthening in the mental healthcare ecosystem.

Understanding Mental Health

According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), mental health refers to a state of mental well-being that enables individuals to Manage life’s stresses, Realise their abilities, Learn effectively, Work productively and contribute to society

Mental Health Landscape in India

1. Prevalence of Mental Disorders:

• Around 10.6% of India’s adult population suffers from one or more mental disorders. (National Mental Health Survey 2015–16, NIMHANS)

2. Treatment Gap:

• An estimated 70–92% of affected individuals do not receive appropriate care.
• Key reasons include Social stigma, Low awareness, Acute shortage of trained mental health professionals

3. Economic Cost:

• Mental health conditions are projected to cause an economic loss of over USD 1 trillion between 2012 and 2030, due to reduced productivity and healthcare costs. (WHO estimates)

4. Suicide Burden:

• 1,71,418 suicide deaths were reported in 2023. (National Crime Records Bureau – NCRB)

5. Digital Addiction as an Emerging Risk:

• Economic Survey 2025–26 flags rising addiction linked to Smartphones, Online gaming, Social media
• Near-universal internet and mobile access has intensified behavioural dependency, particularly among youth.

Government Measures to Address Mental Health

1. Institutional Strengthening:

• NIMHANS Act, 2012: Declares NIMHANS, Bengaluru as an Institute of National Importance.
• Union Budget 2026–27:
  - Establishment of NIMHANS-2
  - Upgradation of National Mental Health Institutes in Ranchi and Tezpur

2. Suicide Prevention:

• National Suicide Prevention Strategy (NSPS), 2022: Reduce suicide mortality by 10% by 2030
• Focus on early identification, crisis intervention, and community outreach

3. Financial Protection:

• Under Ayushman Bharat – PM Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY): Mental health conditions are covered up to ₹5 lakh per family per year

4. Legal Recognition of Mental Illness:

• Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act: Expands the definition of disability to include mental illness
• Ensures legal safeguards, non-discrimination, and access to services

5. Digital Mental Health Support:

• National Tele Mental Health Programme (Tele-MANAS): Provides free, 24×7 mental health counselling
• Operates through a national toll-free helpline

India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) 2.0

Why in News

• The Union Budget 2026–27 formally launched India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) 2.0, marking a strategic upgrade from the first phase.
• The new phase aims to reposition India from a fab-assembly destination to a high-value semiconductor ecosystem leader.

India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) 2.0: Key Features

1. Strategic Shift in Approach:

• From Infrastructure-led to Ecosystem-led growth
• Focus moves beyond fabrication plants to Semiconductor equipment, Specialised materials, Components and upstream supply chains

2. Core Objective:

• Achieve 70–75% self-reliance in India’s domestic semiconductor demand by 2029
• Emphasis on locally designed and manufactured chips

3. Expanded Scope: Upstream Supply Chain:

• Covers: Chip-making machinery, Specialty chemicals and gases, Sub-components critical for fabrication
• Reduces dependence on global chokepoints dominated by a few countries

4. Indigenous Intellectual Property (IP) Creation:

• Central pillar: “Full-Stack Indian IP”
• Shift from Manufacturing foreign chip designs to Owning and controlling chip architecture and design IP
• Strengthens strategic autonomy and export competitiveness

5. R&D Infrastructure Upgrade:

• Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL), Mohali
  - Being transformed into a future-ready R&D and innovation hub
  - Will house an indigenous prototyping facility for domestic chip design validation
• Supports academia–startup–industry collaboration

6. Skill Development & Talent Pipeline:

• Emphasis on human capital creation
• Key initiatives: Chips to Startup (C2S) Programme, Industry–academia partnerships
• Objective: Create a sustainable pool of semiconductor designers, process engineers, and researchers

About India Semiconductor Mission (ISM)

1. Institutional Framework:

• Launched in 2021
• Functions as an independent business division under Digital India Corporation (Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology)

2. Financial Incentives:

• Manufacturing Support:
  - Fiscal assistance up to 50% of project cost
  - Applicable across all eligible semiconductor categories (fabs, ATMP, OSAT)
• Design Linked Incentive (DLI):
  - Up to 50% reimbursement of eligible expenditure
  - Encourages domestic chip design and IP creation

Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission

Why in News

As per PIB, the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) signed three Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) to enhance medicine safety and quality, strengthen healthcare professional capacity, improve regulatory and pharmacovigilance collaboration

What is a Pharmacopoeia?

• An official, legally binding compendium prescribing standards for Identity, Purity, Strength, Quality of medicines
• Ensures uniform drug standards within a jurisdiction

About Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC)

1. Institutional Profile:

• Established: 2005
• Operational since: 2009
• Nature: Autonomous institution
• Administrative Ministry: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
• Headquarters: Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh

2. Mandate & Core Functions:

• Prescribes quality standards for Drugs manufactured, Drugs sold, Drugs consumed in India
• Ensures safety, efficacy, and consistency of medicines across the country

3. Legal Authority:

• IPC standards are legally enforceable
• Backed by: Second Schedule of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940
• Compliance is mandatory for pharmaceutical manufacturers and regulators

Key Publications

1. Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP):

• Official book of drug quality standards in India
• Used by: Drug regulators, Pharmaceutical industry, Quality control laboratories

2. National Formulary of India (NFI):

• Promotes rational use of medicines
• Guides prescribers on Appropriate drug selection, Dosage and therapeutic use

Pharmacovigilance & Device Safety

1. Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI):

• IPC acts as the National Coordination Centre (NCC)
• Objective: Monitor Adverse Drug Reactions & Improve patient safety and regulatory decision-making

2. Materiovigilance Programme of India (MvPI):

• IPC serves as NCC
• Focus: Safety monitoring of medical devices & Reporting and analysis of device-related adverse events

3. Global Role & Recognition:

• Designated as a WHO Collaborating Centre
• Area: Pharmacovigilance in Public Health Programmes
• Enhances India’s credibility in global drug safety and regulatory science

Global CyberPeace Summit 2026

Why in News

• The Global CyberPeace Summit 2026 concluded in New Delhi ahead of Safer Internet Day (10 February).
• It brought global attention to trust, safety, and human-centric digital governance.

About the Summit

1. Nature:

• Global multi-stakeholder conference

2. Organiser:

• CyberPeace (international non-profit organisation)

3. Theme Shift:

From traditional cybersecurity to broader cyber-peace, encompassing:

• Digital resilience
• Misinformation
• Trust & Safety in cyberspace

Key Concept Highlighted

Trust and Safety

1. Established as a core pillar of digital governance

2. Goes beyond technical security to include:

• Online harm prevention
• Platform accountability
• Protection of vulnerable users
• Countering misinformation and manipulation

Major Launches & Announcements

1. Global Quantum Threat Alliance:

• To address future cyber risks arising from quantum computing

2. AI Scholarship Programme:

• Launched in partnership with EC Council
• Aimed at building global cyber and AI talent

3. Centre of Excellence (CoE) on Automotive Cybersecurity:

• Focused on securing connected, autonomous, and electric vehicles

Key Focus Areas

1. AI–Cybersecurity Convergence:

• Addressing AI-driven cyber threats and defensive tools

2. Critical Infrastructure Protection:

• Securing power grids, transport, finance, and communication systems

3. Netizen Townhall

• Innovative participatory platform
• Enables internet users to engage directly in cyber policy discussions

Safer Internet Day

• Observed: Annually on the second Tuesday of February
• Purpose: Promote safe, responsible, and positive use of digital technologies
• Closely aligned with the Summit’s trust and safety agenda

World Defence Show 2026

Why in News

The 3rd edition of the World Defence Show (WDS 2026) is being held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

About World Defence Show

• Nature: Global defence exhibition
• Frequency: Biennial
• Host Country: Saudi Arabia
• Organiser: General Authority for Military Industries (GAMI)
• Scope: Showcases innovations across five defence domains: Air, Land, Sea, Space, Security

Theme – WDS 2026

“The Future of Defence Integration”

• Focuses on cross-domain interoperability
• Highlights integrated responses to Hybrid warfare, Autonomous systems, Cyber and space-based threats, AI-driven military operations

Key Highlights

• Naval Security Zone: Maritime surveillance, coastal defence, underwater security
• Unmanned Systems Zone: Drones, autonomous ground vehicles, unmanned naval platforms
• Future Defence Lab: Focus areas: Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Quantum technologies, Advanced defence analytics

India’s Participation

• India inaugurated its first dedicated national pavilion at WDS.
• Showcased indigenous defence capabilities, including Main battle tanks, Missile systems, Radar and surveillance technologies
• Reflects India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat in Defence push and growing defence exports.

Significance

1. For Saudi Arabia:

• Supports Vision 2030 goal of Localising 50% of defence spending and Building a domestic military-industrial base
• Positions Saudi Arabia as a global defence manufacturing and innovation hub

2. For India:

• Deepens India–Saudi Arabia strategic and defence ties
• Enhances visibility of Indian defence manufacturing in West Asia
• Opens avenues for Defence exports, Joint ventures, Technology collaboration

SCALP (Storm Shadow) Long-Range Cruise Missile

Why in News

• The Indian Air Force (IAF) is finalising a €300 million deal with France to procure additional SCALP missiles for its Rafale fighter fleet.

About SCALP Missile

• Type: Air-launched long-range cruise missile
• Alternate Name: Storm Shadow
• Developed By: France and the United Kingdom
• Platform: Integrated with Rafale aircraft in the Indian Air Force

Mission Profile

• Designed for “fire-and-forget” deep-strike missions
• Optimised for high-value, stationary targets, such as Hardened bunkers, Command and control centres, Underground facilities
• Enables stand-off attacks, allowing launch outside enemy air-defence zones

Core Specifications

• Operational Range: ~560 km
• Speed: High subsonic (Mach 0.8–0.95)
• Warhead: 450 kg BROACH warhead

BROACH Warhead

• Full Form: Bomb Royal Ordnance Augmented Charge
• Type: Dual-stage tandem warhead
  - First charge penetrates reinforced concrete/soil
  - Second charge detonates inside the target for maximum internal damage
• Effective against hardened and deeply buried structures

Guidance & Accuracy

1. Triple Guidance System:

• Inertial Navigation System
• GPS
• Terrain Reference Navigation: Ensures high accuracy and resistance to electronic jamming

2. Terminal Phase:

• Imaging Infrared (IIR) seeker
• Matches real-time target imagery with pre-stored images
• Enables pinpoint accuracy in the final strike phase

Stealth & Survivability

• Low-observable airframe
• Terrain-hugging flight path at very low altitude
• Minimises detection by Enemy radar and Air defence systems

SATYA Portal (STQC Lab Automation Portal)

Why in News

• The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) inaugurated the STQC Lab Automation Portal – ‘SATYA’ in New Delhi.

About SATYA Portal

• Full Form: STQC Automation Through Yoking Applications (SATYA)
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY)
• Implementing Agency: Standardisation Testing and Quality Certification (STQC) Directorate
• Developed By: Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC)

About STQC Directorate

• An attached office of MeitY
• Mandate:
  - Ensure quality, security, and reliability of electronic and IT products
  - Certification and testing across government and private sectors
• Plays a key role in trusted electronics and cyber-secure systems

Objectives of SATYA Portal

• Digitise and modernise STQC’s quality assurance services
• Replace manual, fragmented lab processes with a single integrated digital platform
• Improve transparency, efficiency, and accountability

Key Features

• End-to-End Digital Workflow for testing and certification services
• Laboratory Process Automation to reduce turnaround time
• Integrated Ticketing System for Faster grievance redressal and Real-time status tracking
• Centralised platform connecting applicants, labs, and certification authorities

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