13 February 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Davos Compact on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), 2025

Context

The World Economic Forum launched the Davos Compact on AMR (2025) to accelerate global action against antimicrobial resistance. 

It is supported by the Unified Coalition for AMR Response. 

Objective of the Compact

• Unlock sustainable financing from public and private sectors. 
• Reduce global AMR-related deaths. 
• Aim to save over 100 million lives by 2050. 
• Promote innovation, research, and equitable access to antimicrobials. 

About Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

1. Definition 

• AMR occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites no longer respond to antimicrobial medicines such as Antibiotics, Antivirals, Antifungals 

2. Nature of AMR 

• It is a natural biological process due to genetic mutations. 
• However, its spread is accelerated by human activities, especially: 
• Misuse and overuse of antibiotics, Self-medication, Overuse in livestock and agriculture, Poor infection prevention practices 

Key Initiatives to Address AMR (India)

1. National Action Plan on AMR 2.0 (2025–2029) 

• Adopts One Health approach 
• Covers Human health, Animal health, Agriculture, Environment 

2. First Indigenous Antibiotic – Nafithromycin 

• Launched in 2024 
• Designed to treat drug-resistant bacteria 
• Significant step toward pharmaceutical self-reliance 

3. National Surveillance Networks 

• Generate annual AMR reports 
• Data submitted to the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS). 

Global Initiatives on AMR

1. Global Action Plan on AMR (2015) 

• Adopted at the World Health Assembly. Framework for national AMR strategies. 

2.  UNGA High-Level Meeting on AMR (2024) 

• Held under United Nations General Assembly 
• Target: Reduce global deaths associated with bacterial AMR by 10% by 2030 (against 2019 baseline). 

Why AMR is a Major Concern?

1. Public Health Threat 

• Infections become harder and costlier to treat. Routine surgeries and chemotherapy become risky. 

2.  Economic Impact 

• Increased healthcare costs and Productivity losses. 

3.  Threat to SDGs 

• Impacts SDG 3 (Good Health & Well-being) & Affects food security and poverty reduction. 

Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)

About PLFS

• Conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO) 
• Under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) 
• It is the primary source of data on employment–unemployment conditions in India. 
• Launched in 2017 to provide more frequent labour market estimates. 

Key Findings (October – December 2025) 

1. Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) 

• Overall LFPR (15+ years): Increased to 55.8% 
• Female LFPR (15+ years): Increased to 34.9% 
• Shows gradual improvement in women’s workforce participation. 

2. Worker Population Ratio (WPR) 

• Overall WPR (15+ years): Rose to 53.1% 
• Rural WPR: Continued upward trend across both genders. 

3. Unemployment Rate (UR) 

• Rural UR: Declined to 4% 
• Urban UR: Declined to 6.7% 

Indicates improving labour absorption. 

4. Self-Employment Trends 

• Rural Areas: 63.2% workers self-employed 
• Urban Areas: 39.7% workers self-employed 

Self-employment remains dominant in rural India. 

5. Sectoral Distribution of Workforce 

Rural Areas 

• Agriculture sector: 58.5% of workers → Reflects continued agrarian dependence. 

Urban Areas 

• Tertiary (Services) sector: 61.9% → Services remain the backbone of urban employment. 

Important Definitions

• Labour Force Participation Rate: Number of persons in the labour force per 1000 persons. 
• Labour Force = Employed + Unemployed (seeking/available for work) 
• Worker Population Ratio (WPR): Number of employed persons per 1000 persons. 
• Unemployment Rate (UR): Number of unemployed persons per 1000 persons in the labour force. 

Significance for India

1. Positive Signals:

• Rising LFPR and WPR indicate improving employment conditions. 
• Female participation trend is encouraging. 

2. Structural Challenges:

• High dependence on agriculture in rural areas. 
• Rising self-employment may reflect informalisation. 

Space-Based Systems Propelling National Development Goals

Context

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has undertaken multiple space-based initiatives to support national development across agriculture, disaster management, climate action, welfare, and defence. 

Key Development Goals Supported by Space-Based Systems

1. Agricultural Development  

• CROP (Comprehensive Remote Sensing Observation on Crop Progress) for crop monitoring. 
• Support to Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) for crop insurance assessment. 
• Yield estimation and drought assessment using satellite imagery. 
• Monitoring irrigation under Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY). 

2. Disaster Management 

• Monitoring glacial lakes (GLOF risk). 
• Mapping flood-affected areas. 
• Lightning nowcasting systems. 
• Satellite Integrated Landslide Assessment & Alert System. 
• Support to fishermen via Vessel Communication and Support System (VCSS) under Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY). 

 Enhances early warning and reduces disaster losses. 

3. Climate Monitoring 

• GeoAI framework for air quality monitoring. 
• Quantification of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission inventory for Land Use & Land Use Change (LULUCF). 
• Long-term climate data archiving. 

4. Societal Welfare 

• Monitoring Watershed Development Component of PMKSY. 
• Tracking projects under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY-Urban). 
• Bhuvan Geoportal: Online remote sensing data platform for governance and planning. 

5. Defence & Strategic Support  

• MOSDAC-IN (Meteorological & Oceanographic Satellite Data Archival Centre – Indian Navy) provides customized satellite-based weather and oceanographic inputs. 
• Supports maritime domain awareness and naval operations. 

India’s Space Profile

1. ISRO 

• Established: 1969 
• Headquarters: Bengaluru 
• Functions under Department of Space (DoS). 
• Objective: Harness space technology for national development. 

 2. Major Launch Vehicles 

• Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, LVM3 (GSLV Mk-III) 

3. Key Space Missions 

• Aditya-L1 – Solar mission. 
• Chandrayaan-3 – Lunar landing mission. 
• NISAR – Joint Earth observation mission (NASA–ISRO). 

Personality in News: Swami Dayanand Saraswati

Eminent social reformer Swami Dayanand Saraswati was remembered on his birth anniversary (12 February). 

Swami Dayanand Saraswati (1824–1883)

• Born: 1824, in present-day Gujarat 
• Original name: Mool Shankar 
• One of the most influential Hindu reformers of the 19th century 

Founder of Arya Samaj

• Established Arya Samaj in 1875 (Bombay). 
• Motto: “Back to the Vedas” 
• Objective: Reform Hindu society by returning to Vedic principles. 

Social Reform Contribution

• Opposed: Child marriage, Enforced widowhood, Caste discrimination, Idol worship (advocated monotheism) 
• Supported: Women’s education, Widow remarriage, Social equality, Rational interpretation of scriptures 

Educational Vision

• Favoured an education system emphasizing: Grammar, Philosophy, Vedas, Sciences, Medicine, Music and arts 
• Promoted Vedic schools (Gurukuls). 

Important Works

 Satyartha Prakasha 

• Major literary work. 
• Critiqued social evils and religious orthodoxy. 
• Advocated Vedic monotheism. 

Spiritual Philosophy – Traitavada

He propounded the Vedic doctrine of Traitavada, which recognizes three eternal realities: 

• Ishwara (God) 
• Jiva (Soul) 
• Prakriti (Matter/Nature) 

UNSC 1267 Sanctions Committee

The latest report of the UN Security Council’s 1267 Sanctions Monitoring Team noted links between Pakistan-based Jaish-e-Mohammed and the Delhi Red Fort terror attack. 

About the 1267 Sanctions Committee

The United Nations Security Council 1267 Sanctions Committee is a subsidiary body tasked with overseeing sanctions against: 

• ISIL (Da’esh) 
• Al-Qaida 
• Associated individuals, groups, undertakings and entities 

It is also known as the ISIL (Da’esh) and Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee. 

Origins

• Established under UNSC Resolution 1267 (1999). 
• Initially imposed: 
• Air embargo 
• Assets freeze 
• Travel ban 
• Targeted the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. 

Over time, its mandate expanded to include ISIL and Al-Qaida affiliates. 

Composition

• Comprises all 15 members of the UN Security Council: 
• 5 Permanent Members (P5) 
• 10 Non-Permanent Members 
• Decisions are taken by consensus. 

Function

• Designation of individuals and entities on the sanctions list. 
• Imposing: Asset freeze, Travel ban, Arms embargo 
• Considering Requests for delisting and Humanitarian exemptions 
• Submitting annual reports to the Security Council. 
• Monitoring through the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team. 

 Significance

• Key global counter-terrorism mechanism under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. 
• Enables international cooperation in freezing terror funding and restricting movement. 
• Frequently invoked in India’s efforts to designate Pakistan-based terrorists at the UN. 

Senior Advocates

The Supreme Court of India recently issued guidelines for the designation of Senior Advocates. 

About Senior Advocates

1. Legal Basis 

• Designated under the Advocates Act, 1961. 
• Section 16 of the Act classifies advocates into Senior Advocates and Other Advocates 

2. Authority for Designation 

Designation is done by a Committee for Designation of Senior Advocates, consisting of: 

• Chief Justice of India (Chairperson) 
• Two senior-most Judges of the Supreme Court 

(For High Courts, the respective High Court has similar authority.) 

3. Eligibility Criteria 

• Minimum 10 years’ experience as an advocate 
• Combined 10 years as Advocate, District & Sessions Judge, Judicial Tribunal Member 

4. Additional considerations: 

• Ability and standing at the Bar 
• Special knowledge or experience in law 
• Minimum 45 years of age (may be relaxed) 
• Must be practising in the Supreme Court 

It is a title/recognition, not a constitutional or statutory post. 

Restrictions on Senior Advocates

Senior Advocates face certain professional limitations: 

• Cannot file a Vakalatnama (cannot directly act for clients). 
• Cannot appear in court without an Advocate-on-Record (AoR) or instructing advocate. 
• Cannot draft pleadings. 
• Cannot directly accept briefs from clients. 
• Primarily focus on arguing cases. 

Right to Recall

Recently, a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha floated the idea of introducing the Right to Recall in India’s parliamentary democracy. 

About Right to Recall 

• A mechanism of direct democracy. 
• Allows voters to remove an elected representative before the expiry of their term. 
• Usually triggered through: 
• A petition signed by a prescribed percentage of voters. 
• Followed by a recall vote. 

Status in India

• India is primarily a representative democracy. 
• No provision for recall of MPs or MLAs at the national or state level. 
• However, some states provide recall provisions at the local body level, such as: 
• Chhattisgarh (for Panchayat representatives) 
• Similar provisions exist in some other states for local bodies. 

There is no constitutional provision for recall of Members of Parliament. 

International Practice

• United States – Several states allow recall of governors and state legislators. 
• United Kingdom – Recall of MPs is possible under specific conditions (e.g., suspension, criminal conviction). 

Other Tools of Direct Democracy

Although India follows representative democracy, some tools of direct democracy exist globally: 

1. Referendum 

• A proposed law is referred to the electorate for approval or rejection. 
• Example: Brexit referendum (UK). 

2. Initiative 

• Citizens can propose legislation directly for consideration by the legislature or vote. 

3. Plebiscite 

• Used to decide issues related to Sovereignty, Territorial disputes, Political status 

4. Arguments in Favour of Right to Recall 

• Enhances accountability of elected representatives. 
• Strengthens participatory democracy. 
• Acts as a deterrent against non-performance or misconduct. 

5. Concerns & Challenges 

• May lead to political instability. 
• Can be misused for political vendetta. 
• High administrative and financial costs. 
• Weakens representative democracy by promoting populism. 

Vande Mataram

The Ministry of Home Affairs has issued guidelines formalising the protocol for the rendition of Vande Mataram. 

Key Guidelines

• When both are played, Vande Mataram shall be sung before the National Anthem (Jana Gana Mana). 
• The audience shall stand at attention during its rendition. 
• Exception: Standing is not mandatory when it is played as part of a film or documentary. 

About Vande Mataram

1. Origin 

• Written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. 
• First composed in 1875. 
• Later included in his novel: 
• Anandamath (published in 1882). 
• Before book publication, it was serialised in the Bengali magazine Bangadarshan (founded by Bankim). 

2. National Recognition 

• Adopted as India’s National Song by the Constituent Assembly of India in 1950. 
• On 24 January 1950, it was declared that: 
• Vande Mataram would have equal status with the National Anthem. 

3. Historical Significance 

• First publicly sung by Rabindranath Tagore in 1896. 
• Occasion: 12th Annual Session of the Indian National Congress. 
• Became a powerful slogan during the Indian freedom struggle. 
• Inspired revolutionary movements against British rule.     

Arctic Sentry

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has launched a new mission named Arctic Sentry to strengthen security presence in the Arctic region. 

About NATO

• Established in 1949 after signing the North Atlantic Treaty. 
• A political and military alliance based on collective defence (Article 5). 
• Currently has 32 member countries. 
• Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium. 

About Arctic Sentry

1. Led by 

• Joint Force Command Norfolk (JFC Norfolk). 
• JFC Norfolk acts as a strategic bridge between North America and Europe for NATO operations. 

2. Strategic Purpose 

• Safeguard NATO member states in the Arctic. 
• Protect territorial integrity. 
• Maintain regional stability. 
• Respond to: 
• Increased military activity by Russia. 
• Growing strategic and economic interest of China in the Arctic. 
• Emerging competition over shipping routes and natural resources. 

3 Why the Arctic Matters 

• Melting ice is opening new maritime trade routes (e.g., Northern Sea Route). 
• Rich in untapped oil, gas, and rare minerals. 
• Increasing militarisation and geopolitical competition. 

4. Significance 

• Reflects NATO’s expanding focus beyond traditional Europe-Atlantic theatre. 
• Signals growing Arctic securitisation. 
• Highlights strategic rivalry among major powers. 

Yuva AI for All

The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), in collaboration with the All India Society for Electronics and Computer Technology (AISECT), launched Kaushal Rath under the Yuva AI for All programme. 

Kaushal Rath

• A mobile Artificial Intelligence (AI) awareness initiative. 
• Aims to: 
• Spread AI literacy across urban and rural India. 
• Promote inclusive and grassroots-level digital empowerment. 
• Supports the goal of democratising AI education at scale. 

About Yuva AI for All

• A free, 4.5-hour self-paced national course. 
• Objective: Make Artificial Intelligence accessible and understandable to every Indian. 
• Designed for Students, Professionals, Government officials, General public 
• The course is hosted on leading digital learning platforms, including: FutureSkills Prime, iGOT Karmayogi, Other national e-learning portals 

Link with IndiaAI Mission 

• Part of the broader IndiaAI Mission. 
• Focus areas: AI skilling and education, Responsible AI, AI infrastructure, Innovation and startups 

Significance 

• Promotes AI literacy and digital inclusion. 
• Aligns with Digital India vision and Skilling India mission 
• Strengthens India’s AI-ready workforce. 

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