2 February 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Supreme Court: Menstrual Health in Schools is Part of Right to Life

Why in News

The Supreme Court of India recently emphasized that menstrual health (MH) is integral to the Right to Life under Article 21, and directed pan-India implementation of the National Menstrual Hygiene Policy for School-going Girls for students in Classes 6–12.

Key Highlights of the Judgment

1. Menstrual Health as Fundamental Right:

• Right to life includes the right to menstrual health.
• Denial of access undermines dignity, equality, and participation in school.

2. Link with Right to Equality (Article 14):

• Lack of menstrual health measures prevents girls from participating equally in educational and social activities.

3. Dignity of a Girl Child:

• Menstrual health facilities must ensure living and learning conditions free from humiliation, stigma, and exclusion.

4. Structural Discrimination:

• Inaccessibility of sanitary products affects fundamental right to education under Article 21A and Right to Education (RTE) Act.

5. Mandatory Institutional Measures in Schools:

• Sensitisation of male teachers and students about menstrual health.
• Provision of gender-segregated toilets and MHM (Menstrual Hygiene Management) corners.
• Free sanitary napkins, preferably via vending machines.

Government Initiatives for Promoting Menstrual Health

1. Scheme for Promotion of Menstrual Hygiene (MH):

• Enhances awareness, access to sanitary napkins, and eco-friendly disposal.

2. National Guidelines on MHM:

• Developed under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan to raise awareness in rural areas.

3. Pradhan Mantri Bharatiya Janaushadhi Pariyojna (PMBJP):

• 'Suvidha' oxo-biodegradable sanitary pads available at ₹1 per pad through Janaushadhi Kendras.

4. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP):

• Focuses on generating awareness on menstrual health and proper use of sanitary napkins.

5. Samagra Shiksha Scheme:

• Supports installation of sanitary pad vending machines and incinerators in schools.

New Country Partnership Framework (NCPF) 2026–2031: India–World Bank

Key Facts

• Duration: 2026–2031
• Funding Provision: $8–10 billion
• Objective: Strengthen India’s inclusive and sustainable development with a focus on private sector-led growth.

Strategic Focus Areas

1. Private Sector and Job Creation

• Upgrade skills of workforce.
• Reduce barriers for small and medium enterprises (SMEs).
• Expand opportunities, especially for youth and women.

2. Boosting Rural Prosperity and Resilience

• Diversify rural incomes beyond agriculture.
• Strengthen rural livelihoods and climate resilience.

3. Supporting Urban Transformation

• Address needs of rapidly urbanizing India.
• Urban population projected to double to 800 million by 2050.
• Focus on sustainable infrastructure and quality-of-life improvements.

4. Investing in People

• Enhance access to health, education, and skill development.

5. Strengthening Energy Security and Climate Resilience

• Promote renewable energy, green hydrogen, and e-mobility.
• Upgrade core infrastructure to support resilient growth.

Economic Survey 2025–26: Women’s Labor Participation

Why in News

The Economic Survey 2025–26 highlights the urgent need for policy action to boost female labor force participation (FLFPR), projecting that raising it to around 55% by 2050 could be key to sustaining high GDP growth in India.

Status of Female Labor Force Participation in India

• Rising Participation: FLFPR increased from 23.3% (2017–18) to 41.7% (2023–24).
• Entrepreneurship Trends: Female-headed proprietary establishments rose from 24.2% (2021–22) to 26.2% (2023–24).

Challenges Affecting Women’s Workforce Participation

1. Dual Work Burden:

• Women spend 363 minutes/day on unpaid work vs 123 minutes for men (Time Use Survey, 2024).

2. Mobility and “Pink Tax”:

• Security concerns force women to pay higher for safe transport.
• World Bank study: 31% of women cited commuting as a barrier to employment.

3. Structural Barriers:

• Limited affordable housing and inflexible work arrangements conflict with caregiving duties.

4. Skill and Education Gaps

• STEM fields are often perceived as male domains.
• High education costs limit women’s entry into high-value sectors.

Kavach 4.0 – Indian Railways Advanced Safety System

Why in News

• Purpose: Enhance safety of train operations across Indian Railways.
• Nature: Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system, indigenous to India.
• Current Status: Rollout of Kavach 4.0 being accelerated nationwide.

Key Features

1. Integrated Technology

• Microprocessors for real-time processing.
• GPS for precise train positioning.
• Radio communication for continuous data exchange between trains and control centers.

2. Collision and Signal Safety

• Prevents Signal Passing at Danger (SPAD) incidents.
• Avoids collisions by automatic braking and speed control.

3. Overspeed and Movement Monitoring

• Continuously monitors train speed, preventing overspeeding.
• Generates alerts for wrong-direction or reverse movements.
• Ensures safe operations in low visibility or adverse weather conditions.

4. Global Safety Standards

• Complies with SIL-4 (Safety Integrity Level 4), the highest global standard for train protection systems.

Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) – Overview & Updates

Why in News

Finance Ministry Directive: RRBs to diversify loan portfolios to improve credit flow in rural areas, supporting agriculture, trade, and local industries.

About Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)

1. Established:

• Under RRBs Act, 1976.

2. Ownership Structure:

• Government of India – 50%
• Concerned State Government – 15%
• Sponsor Bank – 35%

3. Regulation & Supervision:

• Regulated by RBI under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
• Supervised by NABARD.

Purpose & Functions

• Promote agriculture, trade, commerce, industry, and other productive activities in rural areas.
• Focus on improving financial inclusion and supporting priority sectors.

Priority Sector Lending (PSL)

• Mandatory Requirement: Minimum 75% of total outstanding advances to priority sectors (revised in 2016).
• Components: Agriculture, micro & small enterprises, housing, education, renewable energy, and other sectors as prescribed by RBI.

Arab League: India Strengthens Ties

Why in News

External Affairs Minister of India held meetings with Arab League ministers to enhance bilateral and regional cooperation.

About the League of Arab States (Arab League)

• Type: Intergovernmental regional organization
• Region: Middle East and parts of Africa
• Formation: 1944: Alexandria Protocol adopted
• Headquarters: Cairo, Egypt

1. Mandate

• Strengthen relations between member states
• Coordinate policies on political, security, economic, and legal issues
• Promote cooperation and collective action among Arab countries

2. Membership

• Total Members: 22 countries, including Palestine
• Founding Members: Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen

India Adds 2 New Ramsar Wetlands

Why in News

Union Environment Minister Adds Two Wetlands, Raising India’s Ramsar Sites Total to 98.

1. Patna Bird Sanctuary

• Location: Etah district, Uttar Pradesh
• Established: 1991
• Significance: Smallest bird sanctuary in Uttar Pradesh

2. Chhari-Dhand Wetland Reserve

• Location: Edge of Banni grasslands and marshy salt flats of Rann of Kutch, Gujarat
• Meaning: “Chhari” = salty, “Dhand” = shallow wetlands (Kutchi language)
• Unique Feature: Known for Chir Batti – mysterious glowing lights observed at night across the Banni grasslands

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