11 August 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)
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PM Inaugurates MS Swaminathan Centenary International Conference
Why in News
- The Prime Minister inaugurated the “MS Swaminathan Centenary International Conference” on the 100th birth anniversary of Prof. M.S. Swaminathan.
- Theme: “Evergreen Revolution – The Pathway to Biohappiness”, celebrating his vision for sustainable food security and ecological balance.
About M.S. Swaminathan (1925–2023)
1. Key Awards & Honours:
- Ramon Magsaysay Award (1971)
- World Food Prize (First recipient, 1987)
- UNEP Sasakawa Environment Prize (1994)
- UNESCO Gandhi Gold Medal (1999)
- Bharat Ratna (Posthumously, 2024)
2. Key Positions:
- Member, Planning Commission (1980–82)
- Chair, UN Commission on Science & Technology for Development
- Director General, International Rice Research Institute (Philippines)
- Founder, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF)
Major Contributions
1. High-Yield Crop Varieties:
- 1950: Developed frost-resistant potato hybrids and cross-bred fragile indica rice with hardy japonica varieties to create resilient, high-yield strains.
- 1963: Collaborated with Norman Borlaug to integrate dwarfing genes into wheat, producing shorter, sturdier plants with higher yields.
2. Father of the Green Revolution in India:
- Pioneered adoption of advanced breeding techniques and modern agricultural practices from the 1960s onwards to achieve national food security.
3. Innovative Agricultural Approaches:
- Crop Cafeterias: Planting diverse crop varieties together for nutritional security.
- Crop Distribution Agronomy: Flexible crop scheduling, enabling mid-season changes for improved yield and quality.
4. Policy Contributions:
- Chaired the National Commission on Farmers, Authored the Swaminathan Report recommending measures to improve productivity, profitability, and sustainability in farming.
Evergreen Revolution
1. Concept:
- Coined by M.S. Swaminathan to mean increasing agricultural productivity indefinitely without ecological degradation.
2. Key Components:
- Sustainable Practices: Organic farming, integrated pest & nutrient management, natural resource conservation.
- Village Knowledge Centres: Providing location-specific advisories on crops, livestock, and farming practices.
- Biovillages: Promoting sustainable livelihoods through integrated farm and non-farm activities.
- Equity Focus: Ensuring social, economic, and gender equity in agricultural development.
CDS Releases Joint Doctrines for Cyberspace and Amphibious Operations
Why in News
- The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) has released the Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations and the Joint Doctrine for Amphibious Operations.
- The declassification of these doctrines aims to improve visibility, accessibility, and dissemination of joint warfighting concepts, strengthening India’s push for jointness and integration in the armed forces.
Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations
1. Establishes a unified national approach to defending cyberspace interests.
2. Integrates offensive and defensive cyber capabilities for synchronized operations across the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
3. Key Focus Areas:
- Threat-informed operational planning.
- Building cyber resilience.
- Real-time intelligence sharing.
- Development of joint cyber warfare capabilities.
Joint Doctrine for Amphibious Operations
1. Provides an operational framework to integrate maritime, air, and land forces for amphibious missions.
2. Emphasizes interoperability and rapid response in both combat and humanitarian contexts.
3. Updates the 2008 doctrine to reflect:
- Changes in the global and regional security environment.
- Enhanced amphibious capabilities.
4. Roles and Applications:
- Strategic deterrence.
- Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR).
- Evacuation missions during peacetime.
About Jointness and Integration
1. Meaning:
- Synergizing the strengths and resources of the three services (Army, Navy, Air Force) while retaining their unique capabilities to maximize operational efficiency and minimize duplication.
2. Key Initiatives:
a. Structural Integration:
- Proposal for Integrated Theatre Commands (ITCs) and Integrated Battle Groups (IBGs) to enhance readiness.
- Establishment of the Department of Military Affairs (DMA) in 2020, with CDS as Secretary, to promote jointness and optimal resource use.
b. Logistics Integration:
- Three Joint Logistic Nodes (JLNs) operational since 2021 at Mumbai, Guwahati, and Port Blair.
c. Legal & Command Integration:
- Implementation of Inter-Services Organisations (Command, Control, and Discipline) Rules, 2025 to formalize joint command structures.
India Launches Second Edition of SheLeads Programme
Why in News
- The second edition of SheLeads, the flagship capacity-building programme of UN Women, has been launched in India to promote women’s participation in public and political leadership.
About SheLeads
1. Objective:
- To strengthen gender equality in governance by equipping women leaders with the skills, knowledge, and confidence to actively participate in electoral processes.
2. Key Goals:
- Enhance women’s representation in political decision-making.
- Build leadership and communication skills for effective governance.
- Encourage active participation in democratic and electoral systems.
About UN Women
1. Establishment:
- July 2010, as the United Nations entity dedicated to gender equality.
2. Mission:
- Advance the rights and empowerment of women and girls globally.
3. Core Focus Areas:
- Leadership and Governance
- Economic Empowerment
- Freedom from Violence
- Women, Peace, and Security
- Humanitarian Action
Awaza Programme of Action (2024–2034) Launched at LLDC3
Why in News
- The Third United Nations Conference on Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDC3) commenced in Awaza, Turkmenistan, marking the adoption and implementation phase of the Awaza Programme of Action (APoA) 2024–2034.
About Awaza Programme of Action (APoA)
- Adoption: Approved by consensus at the UN General Assembly in December 2024.
- Purpose: Provides a decade-long strategic framework to address the ongoing developmental and trade-related challenges of Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs).
- Focus Areas: Enhancing trade facilitation, improving connectivity, strengthening climate resilience, and ensuring food and energy security.
Key Deliverables of APoA
1. Regional Agricultural Research Hubs:
- Aim: Strengthen food security through innovation, technology transfer, and climate-resilient farming practices.
2. Infrastructure Investment Finance Facility:
- Purpose: Mobilize critical funding for transport, logistics, and energy infrastructure in LLDCs.
3. UNFCCC Negotiating Body:
- Objective: Facilitate global trade and climate resilience negotiations to safeguard LLDC interests in multilateral forums.
US to Impose Additional Ad Valorem Duty on India
Why in News
- The United States has announced the imposition of an additional 25% ad valorem duty on Indian goods, in addition to the existing 25% reciprocal tariffs.
Understanding Ad Valorem Duty
1. Meaning:
- The term “Ad Valorem” is derived from Latin, meaning “according to value”.
- It refers to a tax or duty calculated as a fixed percentage of the value of goods or services, instead of being based on weight, quantity, or volume.
2. Key Features:
- Value-Based Calculation: Directly linked to the transaction value of goods/services.
- Variable in Nature: The higher the value of the product, the higher the duty payable.
- Common Usage: Widely applied in customs duties, excise taxes, and property taxes.
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