15 April 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

 

El Niño and Monsoon Deficit in India

Context

• India Meteorological Department forecasts below-normal monsoon (92% of LPA).

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Long Period Average (LPA)

• Benchmark rainfall: 87 cm (1971–2020 average)
• Classification: < 90% of LPA → Deficient (Drought-like conditions)

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Role of El Niño

1. What is El Niño?

• El Niño: Warming of central & eastern Pacific Ocean

2. Mechanism

• Weakening of trade winds and Warm water shifts eastward disrupts Walker Circulation
• Result: Reduced moisture transport to India

3. Impact on India

• Weakens Southwest monsoon leads to Rainfall deficit

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Other Climatic Drivers

1. ENSO System

• El Niño–Southern Oscillation: El Niño → Weak monsoon & La Niña → Strong monsoon

2. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)

• Indian Ocean Dipole: Positive IOD → Strengthens monsoon & Negative IOD → Weakens monsoon

3. Snow Cover

• Low Eurasian snow: Strong monsoon
• High snow: Weak monsoon

4. Climate Change

• Increases Variability and Extreme rainfall events

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Impacts of Below-Normal Monsoon

1. Agriculture

• 60% farmers dependent risk to Kharif crops

2. Rural Economy

• Lower incomes and Reduced consumption demand

3. Water Resources

• Reduced Groundwater recharge and Drinking water availability

4. Energy Sector

• Lower reservoir levels affects hydropower

5. Inflation

• Lower crop output and Food inflation rises

 

Workers’ Protest in Noida

Context

• Workers’ Protest in Noida and Greater Noida highlights Urban Labour Distress Over Wages, Informalisation, and Working Conditions.

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Workers’ Grievances

1. Wage Insecurity

• Low wages: ₹11,000–₹13,000/month
• Not aligned with Inflation & cost of living

2. High Informalisation

• Over 90% workforce informal (ILO), Lack of Contracts and Job security

3. Poor Working Conditions

• Long hours, Unsafe workplaces, Weak occupational safety

4. Weak Social Security

• Limited access to EPF, ESI, Health insurance

5. Implementation Gaps

• Weak enforcement of labour laws denial of Statutory rights

6. Lack of Representation

• Declining unionisation and Weak collective bargaining

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Government Response

1. Committee Formation

• UP government set up Multi-stakeholder committee

2. Wage Revision

• Increase in Minimum wages

3. Stakeholder Dialogue

• Engagement with Labour unions and Industry bodies

4. Legal Framework

• Minimum wages governed by Code on Wages, 2019 ensures Legally enforceable minimum pay

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Structural Issues Highlighted

• Informal sector dominance
• Weak labour inspection systems
• Urban industrial inequality
• Migration-linked vulnerabilities

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Measures for Labour Welfare

• Wage Reforms: Regular revision & strict enforcement
• Formalisation: Promote Digital registration (e.g., e-Shram Portal) and Incentivise MSMEs
• Social Security Expansion: Include informal & gig workers in Pension, insurance
• Strengthen Enforcement: Tech-driven inspections and Data-based monitoring
• Collective Bargaining: Institutionalise Worker–employer–government dialogue
• Grievance Redressal: Fast-track labour dispute resolution
• Skill Development: Improve Employability & wages

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Key Schemes for Workers

• PM Shram Yogi Maandhan Yojana
• Skill India Mission
• One Nation One Ration Card

 

US Blockade on Iranian Ports

Context

• United States initiated a naval blockade on Iran after failed diplomatic talks raises concerns over Global trade and Energy security

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What is a Blockade?

• A military operation to Prevent entry/exit of vessels or aircraft from enemy ports

Types of Blockade

• Close Blockade: Naval forces deployed near enemy coastline
• Distant Blockade: Forces deployed farther away (due to security threats like missiles/submarines)

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US Blockade Protocols

• Enforced by: United States Central Command

1. Key Features

• Impartial enforcement: Applies to all vessels entering/exiting Iranian ports
• Covers: Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

2. Navigation Exception

• Does not restrict passage through Strait of Hormuz for vessels Not bound to Iranian ports

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Legal Validity of Blockade

1. Formal Declaration

• Must be officially announced and Notified to all states

2. Continuous Enforcement

• Must be Effective and Non-discriminatory

3. Lawful Objective

• Should serve Legitimate military purpose, Must not Starve civilians

4. Effective Control

• Requires Adequate military capability, Avoid “Paper blockades”

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Global Implications

1. Energy Security

• Risk to oil flows near Strait of Hormuz

2. Shipping Disruptions

• Increased Insurance premiums and Freight costs

3. Geopolitical Escalation

• Heightens Regional tensions in West Asia

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Implications for India

1. Trade Disruption

• India–Iran trade: ~$1.1–1.2 billion affected

2. Export Risk

• Key exports impacted: Rice and Pharmaceuticals

3. Import Challenges

• Affects supply of Bitumen and Methanol

4. Cost Escalation

• Higher Shipping costs and Marine insurance

5. Strategic Concern

• Vulnerability due to dependence on West Asian energy routes

 

9th Indian Ocean Conference (IOC 2026)

Context

• Held in Mauritius
• Theme: “Collective Stewardship for Indian Ocean Governance”

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About Indian Ocean Conference

• Organised by: India Foundation, Government of Mauritius, Ministry of External Affairs
• Nature: Track 1.5 Dialogue: Government + non-government stakeholders
• Type: Annual flagship forum on Indian Ocean Region (IOR)

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Key Outcomes

• Participation: 30+ countries
• Consensus: Adoption of “Collective Stewardship” vision
• Focus Areas: Maritime security, Protection of chokepoints, Economic resilience

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India’s Strategic Framework

SAGAR Vision: Aims for Secure, Stable, Sustainable maritime order

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Importance of Indian Ocean Region (IOR)

1. Trade Lifeline

• 95% of India’s trade (volume) and ~68% of trade (value)

2. Energy Security

• 80% crude oil imports and ~50% LNG imports

3. Strategic Chokepoints

• Strait of Malacca and Strait of Hormuz are critical for Defence and Supply chains

4. Seabed Resources

• 75,000 sq km seabed mining rights
• Polymetallic nodules: Cobalt, nickel, copper

5. Hydrocarbon Reserves

• 51% of India’s oil and 66% of natural gas (offshore)

6. Fisheries & Livelihoods

• Supports 4 million+ fishers and Contributes ~23% of fish production

7. Renewable Potential

• 125 GW offshore energy: Wind, Tidal, Wave

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Strategic Significance

• Enhances Regional cooperation and Maritime governance
• Counters Geopolitical competition in IOR
• Strengthens India’s role as a net security provider

 

Consequences of Persistent Rupee Depreciation

Currency Depreciation in India often erodes Purchasing Power and Investor Confidence rather than boosting Exports

Rupee Depreciation – Concept

• Rupee depreciation = fall in value of INR against foreign currencies (e.g., USD)
• More rupees required to buy 1 dollar

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Advantages of Rupee Depreciation

1. Export Competitiveness

Indian goods become cheaper globally, Potential boost to exports

2. Higher Remittances

NRIs send more money due to higher rupee returns, Record inflows (~$135 billion in FY25)

3. Import Substitution

Expensive imports → shift to domestic goods, Supports Make in India

4. Boost to IT & Export Sectors

IT firms gain: 20–30 bps margin rise per 1% depreciation

5. FDI Attraction

Cheaper Indian assets for foreign investors, FDI inflows rise (~$81 billion in FY25)

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Disadvantages of Rupee Depreciation

1. Imported Inflation

Costlier imports (oil, electronics): ₹1 depreciation → ~0.2–0.3% inflation increase

2. Higher External Debt Burden

Cost of servicing: Dollar-denominated loans increases

3. Widening Trade Deficit

Import bill rises sharply: Trade deficit hit ~$41.7 billion (Oct 2025)

4. Forex Reserve Depletion

Reserve Bank of India sells dollars, Reserves fell ~$30 billion (early 2026)

5. Capital Outflows

Foreign investors exit due to currency risk: FIIs withdrew ~$18 billion

6. Corporate Margin Pressure

Import-dependent industries: EPS decline by 8–11%

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Why Depreciation Doesn’t Always Boost Exports (India Case)

• High import content in exports (e.g., electronics)
• Structural bottlenecks: Logistics and Infrastructure
• Weak global demand

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Government & RBI Measures

• Forex Market Intervention: RBI sells dollars to stabilise rupee
• Monetary Tightening: Higher interest rates attract foreign capital
• Rupee Trade Settlement: Use INR via Special Vostro Accounts
• Speculation Control: Restrictions in NDF (offshore) market
•  Attract Foreign Currency: Incentives FCNR(B) deposits and External Commercial Borrowings (ECB)
• Import Management: Higher tariffs (e.g., gold) reduce forex outflow

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Overall Impact

• Short-term: Inflationary pressure and Financial instability
• Long-term: Potential competitiveness gains (if structural reforms exist)

 

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919)

Context

• Tribute paid by Droupadi Murmu, One of the most brutal colonial atrocities in Indian history

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Event Overview

• Date: 13 April 1919 (Baisakhi Day)
• Place: Jallianwala Bagh
• Perpetrator: Reginald Dyer
• British troops fired on an unarmed gathering without warning

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Background Causes

1. Rowlatt Act (1919)

Allowed Detention without trial seen as “Black Law”

2. Arrest of Leaders

Arrest of Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal triggered protests in Punjab

3. Peaceful Gathering

People assembled for Baisakhi celebration and Protest against arrests

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The Massacre

• No warning before firing
• Exit routes blocked
• Continuous firing until ammunition nearly exhausted

Casualties

• British official: 379 deaths
• Indian National Congress estimate 1000+ deaths

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National Reaction

1. Rabindranath Tagore

• Rabindranath Tagore renounced Knighthood

2. Mahatma Gandhi

• Mahatma Gandhi returned: Kaiser-i-Hind medal

Inquiry & British Response

• Commission: Hunter Commission
• Findings: Criticised Dyer, No severe punishment

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Long-Term Impact

1. End of Faith in British Rule

• Moderates lost trust in reforms

2. Rise of Mass Nationalism

• Turning point in freedom struggle

3. Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)

• Led by Gandhi, First nationwide mass movement

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Retribution

• Udham Singh assassinated Michael O'Dwyer in year 1940 (London)

 

Dr B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956)

Context

• 136th Birth Anniversary observed on 14 April 2026, Honoured as a key architect of modern India

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Early Life

• Born in Mhow
• Social Background: Mahar (Dalit) community faced caste-based discrimination

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Key Positions

• India’s first Law Minister
• Chairman of Drafting Committee of the Constitution

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Major Contributions

1. Social Reform

• Founded: Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha
• Promoted Education and Socio-economic upliftment

2. Civil Rights Movements

• Mahad Satyagraha (1927): Right to access public water
• Kalaram Temple Satyagraha (1930): Temple entry for Dalits

3. Political Leadership

• Founded: Independent Labour Party and Scheduled Castes Federation
• Represented Dalits and Labour interests

4. Constitutional Role

• Known as “Father of the Indian Constitution”
• Ensured Fundamental Rights, Equality before law, Social justice framework

5. Religious Conversion

• Converted to Buddhism in 1956
• Initiated Dalit Buddhist movement

6. Literary Contributions

• Annihilation of Caste, The Untouchables, Who Were the Shudras?, Buddha and His Dhamma
• Edited journals: Mooknayak, Bahishkrit Bharat

7. Awards & Recognition

• Bharat Ratna (Posthumous, 1990)

 

Project Him Sarovar

Context

• Launched in Ladakh, aims to tackle worsening water scarcity in high-altitude regions

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Objective

• Ensure year-round water security
• Promote Scientific snow harvesting and Water conservation

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Implementation

• Led by: Ladakh Administration
• Supported by: Indian Armed Forces

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Key Interventions

• Snow Harvesting: Capture and store Snowmelt and Glacial runoff
• Creation of Small Water Bodies: Construction of Artificial ponds/reservoirs prevents wastage of seasonal water

 

Quantum Computing Testing Beds – Amaravati

Context

• India’s first indigenous quantum computing test & reference facilities launched in
  Amaravati, Part of Amaravati Quantum Valley

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Objective

• Build sovereign quantum infrastructure
• Enable Testing, Certification and Manufacturing of quantum hardware

 

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