26 August 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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ISRO Conducts First Integrated Air Drop Test for Gaganyaan Mission 

Why in News

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully completed its first Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT-01) for the Gaganyaan Mission, marking a significant milestone in India’s human spaceflight programme. 

Key Highlights

About the Test 

1. Collaborative Effort:

The trial was jointly conducted by ISRO, Indian Air Force, DRDO, Indian Navy, and Indian Coast Guard. 

2. Objective:

To demonstrate the parachute-based deceleration system, which will play a crucial role in ensuring the safe landing of astronauts. 

3. Significance:

Validates one of the most critical safety mechanisms of the Gaganyaan crew module. 

Gaganyaan Mission Overview

1. Aim:

• To showcase India’s capability in human spaceflight by sending a 3-member crew into a 400 km orbit for 3 days and safely bringing them back to Earth. 

2. Launch Vehicle:

• Human-rated LVM3 (HLVM3), an upgraded version of LVM3 (earlier GSLV Mk-III). 
• Three-stage configuration: Solid booster, liquid stage, cryogenic stage. 
• Modified to meet human-rating standards for safety and reliability. 

3. Global Context:

• On successful completion, India will become the fourth country (after the US, Russia, and China) to conduct a crewed space mission. 

Related Developments

1. National Space Day (August 23):

The Union Minister for Science & Technology outlined India’s future space roadmap. 

2. Upcoming Tests:

Test Vehicle Demonstration (TV-D2), First uncrewed Gaganyaan mission (G1). 

Future Indian Space Missions

1. Bharat Antariksh Station:

India’s proposed space station, targeted for 2035. 

2. Human Landing on the Moon by 2040:

A symbolic step towards India’s vision of becoming a developed nation by 2047. 

3. Other Projects:

Chandrayaan-4 (lunar mission), Mission to Venus. 

DRDO Conducts Successful Maiden Flight-Test of Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) 

Why in News

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully carried out the first flight-tests of the Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS). The system is designed to provide a multi-layered shield against a wide range of aerial threats, including aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and long-range missiles, thereby strengthening India’s air defence capabilities along borders and at critical installations. 

Key Features of IADWS

1. Multi-Layered Protection 

• Integrates surveillance, threat identification, and air defence systems into a unified command structure. 
• Provides defence in depth against both short- and long-range threats. 

2. Major Components 

a) Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile (QRSAM) 

• Developer: DRDO. 
• Range: 5–30 km. 
• Role: Protects moving armoured formations from aerial strikes. 
• Key Feature: Mobile platform-based system capable of providing air defence on the move. 

b) Very Short Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS) 

• Developer: Research Centre Imarat (RCI). 
• Type: Man-Portable Air Defence System (MANPADS). 
• Role: Neutralises low-altitude aerial threats at close range. 

c) Directed Energy Weapon (DEW) – Laser-Based 

• Developer: Centre for High Energy Systems and Sciences. 
• Function: Uses a high-power laser beam to engage targets at the speed of light. 
• Impact: Can penetrate or disable the target by causing structural failure or neutralising warheads directly. 

d) Centralised Command & Control Centre 

• Developer: Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL). 
• Role: Coordinates the integrated functioning of all sub-systems. 
• Nodal Agency: DRDL serves as the lead laboratory for the IADWS programme. 

Significance

• Enhances India’s indigenous air defence architecture. 
• Strengthens border security and strategic infrastructure protection. 
• Demonstrates DRDO’s progress in next-generation defence technologies, including directed energy weapons. 

Free Movement Regime (FMR) Between India and Myanmar 

Why in News

The Assam Rifles has reported that nearly 42,000 Myanmar nationals have crossed into India under the Free Movement Regime (FMR). This development comes amid India’s policy shift towards regulating border movement due to rising security and demographic concerns. 

About Free Movement Regime (FMR)

1. Nature:

A bilateral arrangement between India and Myanmar. 

2. Provision:

Allows residents of border tribes to cross the international boundary without passports or visas. 

3. Extent:

Permits free movement up to 16 km on either side of the border. 

4. Formalisation:

Established in 2018 through the Agreement on Land Border Crossing. 

5. Recent Decision:

In February 2024, the Union Home Minister announced India’s intent to withdraw FMR citing misuse and security challenges. 

6. Current Status:

Formal notification of withdrawal is pending. 

New System for Border Movement (December 2024)

1. Pass Mechanism: 

• Assam Rifles to issue single-entry passes, valid for 7 days. 
• Movement allowed within 10 km from the crossing point. 

2. Return Protocol:

• Passes must be returned at the same entry point before exit. 

3. Monitoring:

• Each crossing to be jointly manned by Assam Rifles, police, and health officials. 

Kursk Region and Recent Developments 

Why in News

A Ukrainian drone strike reportedly caused a brief fire at the Kursk Nuclear Power Plant in Russia, drawing global attention to the strategic significance of the region. 

About Kursk Region

1. Location 

• Situated in the European part of Russia. 
• Shares its western border with Ukraine, making it a sensitive zone amid the ongoing conflict. 

2. Historical Significance 

• Known for the Battle of Kursk (1943) during World War II. 
• Regarded as the largest tank battle in history, marking a decisive Soviet victory and a turning point against Nazi Germany. 

3. Geography 

• Lies within the basins of the Dnieper and Don rivers, contributing to fertile plains and agricultural output. 

4. Minerals and Economy 

• Home to the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, the largest magnetic anomaly in the world. 
• Recognised for being among the richest iron ore deposits globally, forming the backbone of the region’s mining industry. 

Nepal Joins International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) 

Why in News

Nepal has formally become a member of the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), a global conservation initiative spearheaded by India to safeguard big cat species worldwide. 

About International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)

1. Genesis 

• Launched: April 2023, coinciding with the 50th anniversary of Project Tiger in India. 
• Purpose: To build a global framework for big cat conservation. 

2. Objectives 

• Focuses on the protection and conservation of seven major big cats: Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, Puma 

3. Structure & Membership 

(a) Headquarters:

• Secretariat located in India. 

(b) Coalition:

• Multi-country, multi-agency platform. 

(c) Membership: 

• Open to 95 range countries (where big cats are naturally found). 
• Also includes non-range countries committed to big cat conservation. 
• Current Members: 13 countries, including India and Nepal. 

James Webb Space Telescope Discovers 29th Moon of Uranus 

Why in News

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has identified the 29th moon of Uranus, provisionally designated as S/2025 U1. The official name will be assigned later by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). 

About James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)

1. Launch & Collaboration 

(a) Launched:

• December 2021. 

(b) Agencies:

• A joint project of NASA (USA), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada). 

2. Mission Duration 

• Planned operational lifespan of 5–10 years (with potential extensions). 

3. Type & Orbit 

(a) Nature:

• Infrared space observatory. 

(b) Orbit:

• Unlike Hubble, JWST does not orbit Earth. 
• It revolves around the Sun at the second Lagrange Point (L2), located about 1.5 million km from Earth. 

4. Objectives 

To study every stage in the history of the Universe, including: 

• The first luminous galaxies formed after the Big Bang. 
• The formation of stars and planetary systems. 
• The atmospheres of exoplanets and potential signs of habitability. 

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