1 December 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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India’s New Earthquake Zonation Map – BIS 2025

• India released an updated Seismic Zonation Map under the revised Earthquake Design Code (BIS, 2025).
• The new map is based on fault lines, maximum credible earthquakes, attenuation patterns, tectonics, lithology, and historical seismicity.

Key Features of the New Zonation

1. Number of Zones

• Earlier: 4 Zones — II, III, IV, V
• Now: Introduces a new highest-risk Zone VI
• Entire Himalayan arc placed under Zone VI for the first time (previously split between IV & V).

2. Boundary Towns

• Towns located on boundaries between zones will now automatically fall into the higher-risk zone.

3. Hazard Mapping Approach

• Focus shifts from administrative boundaries to geological conditions.
• Stronger emphasis on active faults & underlying rock/soil behaviour.

India’s Earthquake Vulnerability

• 61% of India’s land is now in moderate to high hazard zones (earlier 59%).
• 75% of India’s population lives in seismically active regions.
• High-risk areas include: Himalayan belt (Zone VI), Northeast India, Kutch region, Parts of Delhi-NCR, Bihar, J&K, Uttarakhand, Assam, and Himachal Pradesh

Implications of the New Map

• Push for retrofitting old buildings in high-risk zones.
• Discourages construction: on soft sediments, near active fault lines, or regions prone to soil liquefaction.
• Strengthens enforcement of uniform building codes in Himalayan & NE states.
• Helps refine: insurance risk models, urban planning, infrastructure design.

Government Strategies & Mechanisms

1. NDMA & SDMAs

• NDMA: Sets disaster management policies, guidelines, standards.
• SDMAs: Prepare and implement state-level disaster management plans.

2. National Seismological Network (NSN)

• Operated by NCS (National Center for Seismology).
• Monitors earthquakes in real-time.
• Supports research on earthquake early warning systems, seismic microzonation, and aftershock forecasting.

India Re-elected to the IMO Council (2026–27)

India secured re-election to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Council with the highest votes, under Category B.

IMO Council – Structure

Total members: 40, divided into three categories:

• Category A: Countries with the largest interest in providing international shipping services.
• (E.g., USA, China, Greece, Japan, UK)
• Category B: Countries with the largest interest in international seaborne trade.
• India is re-elected under this category.
• Category C: Countries not in A or B but with special interest in maritime transport or representing major geographic areas.

Function: Acts as the executive body of IMO; supervises the work of IMO between Assembly sessions.

About International Maritime Organization (IMO)

1. HQ:

• London, United Kingdom

2. Establishment:

• Formed in 1948 as Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO); renamed IMO in 1982.

3. Type:

• UN Specialized Agency

4. Mandate:

• Safety and security of international shipping
• Prevention of marine and atmospheric pollution from ships
• Creating a fair, universal regulatory framework for global shipping

Key IMO Conventions & Strategies

1. MARPOL (1973/78)

• Prevents and reduces pollution from ships (oil, sewage, garbage, air emissions).

2. SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea)

• World’s most important treaty on maritime safety:
  fire protection, life-saving appliances, navigation standards, ship construction.

3. Ballast Water Management Convention

• Prevents spread of invasive aquatic species via ballast water discharge.

4. STCW Convention

• Sets global standards for training, certification, and watchkeeping for seafarers.

5. IMO 2023 GHG Strategy

• Vision: Achieve net-zero GHG emissions from ships by 2050
• Promotes alternative fuels, energy-efficient technologies, lifecycle emissions accounting.

NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) Satellite

Recently entered final science operations phase after completion of launch, deployment, and commissioning.

Key Details

• Type: Earth Observation Satellite (EOS)
• Orbit: Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Sun-synchronous Polar Orbit – passes over the same point at the same local time daily.
• Collaboration: First joint satellite project between ISRO and NASA.
• Launch Vehicle: GSLV-F16 (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle).
• Payload: Dual-frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR): L-band – by NASA, S-band – by ISRO

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

• Uses the motion of the radar antenna to generate high-resolution images of Earth’s surface.
• Can capture data day or night, and through clouds, rain, or darkness, unlike optical sensors.

Applications

• Disaster management: Floods, cyclones, earthquakes.
• Cryosphere studies: Monitoring glaciers and ice sheets.
• Forestry & agriculture: Biomass estimation, forest cover change.
• Geohazard mapping: Landslides, subsidence, tectonic shifts.

Asia Power Index 2025

Source:

Annual report by Lowy Institute, Australia.

Purpose:

• Measures resources and influence to assess the relative power of Asian countries.
• Covers 27 countries and territories across 8 dimensions, including: Military Capability, Economic Capability, Diplomatic Influence, Cultural Influence

India’s Performance:

• Rank: 3rd, recognized as a “major power”.
• Factors: Growing economic and military strength, bolstered by Operation Sindoor.
• Ahead of India: 1st – U.S., 2nd – China

Significance:

• Highlights India’s rising strategic clout in Asia.
• Useful for foreign policy and defense planning.

MH-60R Helicopters – India-US Agreement

• Indian Defence Ministry signed Letters of Offer & Acceptance (LoA) with the US for maintenance and sustained support of MH-60R helicopters.
• Facilities for maintenance and support will be established in India, supporting Atmanirbhar Bharat.

About MH-60R:

1. Manufacturer:

• Lockheed Martin Corporation (USA)

2. Type:

• Naval, all-weather, multi-role helicopter

3. Missions & Capabilities:

• Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW)
• Anti-Surface Warfare (ASuW)
• Maritime Surveillance
• Search & Rescue Operations

4. Operated by:

• Indian Navy, US Navy, and allied navies

Significance:

• Enhances naval operational readiness
• Supports indigenous skill development in helicopter maintenance and support infrastructure
• Strengthens India-US defence cooperation

SoLAR Phase II – Solar Irrigation for Agricultural Resilience

Implemented by:

• International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
• Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)

Coverage: Multi-country programme

• India, Bangladesh, Kenya, Ethiopia

Objective:

• Expand climate-resilient solar-powered irrigation systems
• Ensure equitable and sustainable access for small and marginal farmers
• Promote resilient agriculture under changing climate conditions

Background:

• Phase I (2019–2024) focused on pilot interventions and demonstrating solar irrigation models in South Asia.
• Phase II scales up systems, supporting regional agricultural resilience and energy efficiency.

Significance:

• Reduces dependency on fossil fuels for irrigation
• Supports sustainable water management
• Enhances farm productivity and climate adaptation

Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) – Nigeria Campus

• Launch: First batch expected in 2026
• Focus Areas: Engineering, Technology, and Research

Significance:

• Marks India’s global education outreach
• Supports capacity-building in West Africa
• Part of National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which encourages international expansion of Indian universities

Model & Precedents:

• IIT Madras–Zanzibar Campus (2023): Attracts students across Africa
• IIT Delhi–Abu Dhabi Campus (2024): Tailors courses to local industry needs
• IIT Nigeria will follow the IIT Madras–Zanzibar model for curriculum and governance

Implications:

• Strengthens India-Africa educational and technological cooperation
• Enhances research collaboration and innovation
• Promotes Indian higher education standards globally

Cyclone Ditwah & Operation Sagar Bandhu

• Cyclone Ditwah struck Sri Lanka and Southern India causing heavy rainfall and potential flooding.
• India’s Response: Launched Operation Sagar Bandhu to provide humanitarian and disaster relief assistance to Sri Lanka.

About Cyclone Ditwah

1. Type:

• Tropical Cyclone

2. Origin of Name:

• Contributed by Yemen

3. Definition:

• According to World Meteorological Organization (WMO), a tropical cyclone forms when wind speeds exceed 63 km/h (Gale Force).

4. Characteristics:

• Low-pressure system with swift, often destructive winds

5. Air circulation:

• Northern Hemisphere: Anticlockwise
• Southern Hemisphere: Clockwise
• Heavy rainfall, storm surges, and flooding are common effects.

International Astronomical Union (IAU)

Seven Indian names (e.g., Periyar River, Bekal Fort, Varkala Beach) featured in the IAU’s planetary feature nomenclature for Mars.

About IAU:

• Established: 1919
• Headquarters: Paris, France
• Mission: Promote and safeguard the science of astronomy through research, education, communication, and international cooperation
• National Members: 85, including India’s Indian National Science Academy

Key Contributions:

• Standardized planetary definitions
• Developed celestial coordinate systems
• Oversees naming of planetary and astronomical features

G. V. Mavalankar (1888–1956)

• Lok Sabha Speaker paid floral respects to India’s first Lok Sabha Speaker.
• Also Known As: Dadasaheb – conferred the title ‘Father of the Lok Sabha’ by Jawaharlal Nehru.

Key Contributions:

• Active in Gujarat Education Society, Gujarat Sabha, and joined Swaraj Party
• Participated in Non-Cooperation Movement and Khaira No-Rent campaign
• Served as Speaker of Bombay Legislative Assembly (1937–1946)
• Presided over Central Legislative Assembly (1946) and Provisional Parliament (1949)
• Founder Chairman of National Rifle Association and Institute for Afro-Asian Relations

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