13 June 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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India’s Declining Fertility Rate: Opportunities and Challenges

Why in News?

India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has declined to 2.0, falling below the replacement-level fertility rate of 2.1. While this reflects success in population stabilization, it also raises concerns regarding ageing, workforce availability, and regional demographic imbalances.

Understanding Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

• Total Fertility Rate (TFR) refers to the average number of children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive years (15–49 years), assuming current age-specific fertility rates remain unchanged.

Replacement-Level Fertility

• Replacement level = 2.1 children per woman.
• Ensures a population replaces itself across generations in the absence of migration.
• TFR > 2.1 → Population growth.
• TFR = 2.1 → Population stabilization.
• TFR < 2.1 → Population ageing and eventual decline.

India’s Current Fertility Scenario

1. National Trend

• India’s TFR has declined to 2.0.
• Indicates that India has entered the phase of population stabilization.

2. Regional Variations

31 out of 36 States/UTs now record fertility rates below replacement level.

Major Reasons Behind the Decline in TFR

1. Women's Empowerment

• Expansion of female education.
• Delayed marriage and childbirth.
• Increased participation of women in the workforce.
• Greater autonomy in reproductive decision-making.

2. Improved Child Survival

• Better maternal and child healthcare.
• Increased institutional deliveries.
• Decline in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to around 24.
• Reduced need for larger families as a safeguard against child mortality.

3. Urbanisation and Economic Pressures

• Rising costs of Education, Healthcare, Housing, Childcare
• Preference for smaller families in urban settings.

4. Family Planning Interventions

• Wider contraceptive access (around 67%).
• Awareness campaigns and initiatives such as Mission Parivar Vikas
• Improved reproductive health services.

Key Implications of Declining Fertility

1. Ageing Population and Dependency Burden

• Elderly population expected to rise sharply by 2050.
• Smaller working-age population will support a larger retired population.
• Risk of a demographic structure similar to China's 4-2-1 family model.

2. Labour Market Challenges

• Southern and western states may face labour shortages.
• Northern states will continue contributing a larger workforce.
• Increased interstate migration may become essential for economic balance.

3. Federal and Political Implications

• Future delimitation exercises based on population could alter parliamentary representation.
• States that successfully reduced fertility may lose relative representation.
• Potential tensions over fiscal transfers and political influence.

4. Gender Dividend

• Smaller family sizes can reduce unpaid caregiving responsibilities.
• Opportunity for higher female labour-force participation.
• Benefits depend on supportive measures such as Childcare facilities, Safe public transport and Flexible work arrangements.

India–Nepal Relations: Challenges and Opportunities

Why in News?

Nepal’s Foreign Minister recently visited New Delhi under the newly elected Rashtriya Swatantra Party (RSP) government, signalling renewed diplomatic engagement between India and Nepal.

Significance of Nepal for India

1. Strategic Importance

• Nepal acts as a crucial buffer state between India and China.
• The two countries share an approximately 1,850-km open and porous border, making Nepal's stability important for India's security.

2. Civilisational and Cultural Ties

• India and Nepal share the historic "Roti-Beti" relationship through Cross-border marriages, Religious and cultural linkages, People-to-people interactions.
• Nepali citizens have traditionally served in the Indian Army's Gorkha Regiments.

3. Water and Energy Cooperation

• Shared river systems support Flood management in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
• Irrigation and water-resource management.
• Nepal possesses an estimated 83,000 MW hydropower potential, offering opportunities for regional energy integration.

4. Connectivity to the Himalayas and Beyond

• Nepal is central to India's neighbourhood diplomacy and sub-regional initiatives such as BBIN.

Major Areas of Friction

1. Demand for Revision of the 1950 Treaty

• Sections of Nepal's youth-led political leadership view the India–Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1950) as unequal.
• Calls for revision have intensified under newer political formations.

2. Border Disputes

• Kalapani, Lipulekh, Limpiyadhura
• These disputes stem from differing interpretations of the Treaty of Sugauli and the origin of the Kali River.

3. Trade and Economic Issues

• Nepal's customs restrictions on certain low-value imports have raised concerns regarding traditional cross-border trade.
• Periodic trade and transit issues generate political sensitivities.

4. Defence Cooperation Challenges

• Nepal has expressed reservations regarding India's Agnipath Scheme.
• Consequently, recruitment of Nepali Gorkhas into the Indian Army has remained stalled.

Emerging Opportunities

1. Hydropower Cooperation

• India and Nepal have agreed to deepen power-sector collaboration.
• The proposed framework aims to facilitate the import of 10,000 MW of electricity from Nepal over a decade.
• Supports India's clean-energy transition and Nepal's economic growth.

2. Regional Energy Integration

• Strengthening cross-border transmission infrastructure.
• Promoting BBIN-based regional electricity markets.

3. Rail Connectivity

• Raxaul–Kathmandu Railway and Jaynagar–Kurtha Railway extension.
• Benefits: Reduced logistics costs, Enhanced trade and tourism, Improved regional integration.

4. Fintech and Digital Connectivity

• Expansion of the UPI–NPI payment linkage can Facilitate remittances, Promote financial inclusion, Reduce transaction costs.

5. Technology and Educational Cooperation

• Collaborations involving Digital India Bhashini and Nepalese institutions can strengthen Language technology, Academic exchanges, Cultural diplomacy.

Challenges in the Relationship

• Growing Chinese economic and infrastructure presence.
• Nationalist politics in Nepal.
• Border and treaty-related sensitivities.
• Delays in project implementation.
• Concerns regarding perceived asymmetry in bilateral relations.

National SC-ST Hub (NSSH) Scheme

Why in News?

The National SC-ST Hub (NSSH) Scheme has been highlighted for its role in strengthening entrepreneurship among Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) communities through financial assistance, market access, and capacity-building support.

About National SC-ST Hub (NSSH)

• Launched: 2016
• Ministry: Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
• Implementing Agency: National Small Industries Corporation
• Target Group: SC and ST entrepreneurs, particularly Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs).
• Objective: To promote an entrepreneurial ecosystem among SC/ST communities by improving Access to finance, Market linkages, Skill development, Technology adoption and Participation in government procurement.

Key Objectives of the Scheme

1. Entrepreneurship Promotion

• Encourage the growth of SC/ST-owned enterprises.
• Build entrepreneurial capacity through training and mentorship.

2. Public Procurement Inclusion

• Facilitate achievement of the Public Procurement Policy target of 4% annual procurement from SC/ST-owned MSEs by Central Ministries, Departments, and CPSEs.

3. Information and Support Network

• Collection, collation, and dissemination of information on SC/ST enterprises.
• Creation of a support ecosystem for business development.

4. Vendor Development

• Link SC/ST entrepreneurs with Central Public Sector Enterprises, Vendor development programmes, Mentorship and handholding support.

Priority Areas of Support

• Financial assistance.
• Credit facilitation.
• Capital subsidy.
• Reimbursement support.
• Skill development and entrepreneurship training.
• Market access and procurement opportunities.

Major Sub-Schemes under NSSH

1. Special Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme (SCLCSS)

• Purpose: Technology upgradation and modernization.
• Benefits: Capital subsidy of 25%, Maximum subsidy up to ₹25 lakh.
• Applicable for purchase of plant, machinery, and equipment.

2. Single Point Registration Scheme (SPRS)

• Purpose: Facilitate participation in government procurement.
• Benefits: Registration through NSIC. Exemption from payment of Earnest Money Deposit (EMD) while participating in government tenders. Enhanced visibility in public procurement.

3. Special Marketing Assistance Scheme

• Purpose: Improve market access.
• Benefits: Financial support for participation in Domestic trade fairs, International exhibitions, Vendor development programmes, Buyer-seller meets.

Significance of the Scheme

1. Economic Empowerment

• Promotes inclusive economic growth by integrating marginalized communities into the formal economy.

2. Employment Generation

• Encourages enterprise creation and local employment opportunities.

3. Supplier Diversity

• Enhances participation of SC/ST businesses in government and corporate supply chains.

4. Social Inclusion

• Reduces historical barriers to entrepreneurship and financial access.

Sangeet Natak Akademi Ratna

Why in News?

Sangeet Natak Akademi has selected 7 eminent personalities for the prestigious Akademi Ratna (Fellowship) and conferred Akademi Awards on 108 artists for 2024–25. It has also selected 106 young artists for the Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar for 2024 and 2025.

Sangeet Natak Akademi Ratna (Fellowship)

• The Akademi Ratna (Fellowship) is the highest honour conferred by the Sangeet Natak Akademi.
• It is considered one of the most prestigious recognitions in India's performing arts sector.
• Cash Award: ₹3 lakh.
• Fellowship is extremely exclusive and is restricted to a maximum of 40 living Fellows at any given time.

Sangeet Natak Akademi Award

• Conferred for outstanding contributions to music, dance, theatre, traditional arts, puppetry, and other performing art forms.
• Cash Award: ₹1 lakh.

Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar

• Recognizes and encourages young artists in various fields of performing arts.
• Promotes emerging talent and ensures continuity of India's cultural traditions.

About Sangeet Natak Akademi

• Created through a Government of India Resolution in 1952.
• Became functional in 1953.
• Autonomous organization under the Ministry of Culture.
• India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama.
• Apex institution for preserving and promoting India's performing arts and intangible cultural heritage.
• Chairman: Appointed by the President of India.
• Tenure: 5 years.

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