19 May 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Bhojshala-Kamal Maula Complex

The Bhojshala-Kamal Maula Complex has been declared a Hindu temple by the Madhya Pradesh High Court based on findings from an Archaeological Survey of India survey ordered in 2024.

About Bhoj shala-Kamal Maula Complex

• A medieval ASI-protected monument located in the Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh.
• Historically associated with the Paramara Dynasty and especially Raja Bhoj.
• Traditionally regarded as a centre of Sanskrit learning and scholarship.

Historical Background

• The structure is believed to have functioned originally as a temple dedicated to Goddess Saraswati, also known as Vagdevi.
• It was reportedly converted into a mosque in the 14th century under Muslim rule in Dhar.
• Muslims identify the structure as the Kamal Maula Mosque.

Religious Claims

• Hindus claim the site as a Saraswati temple.
• Muslims consider it a mosque associated with Kamal Maula.
• Under a 2003 ASI arrangement, both communities were permitted to offer worship on separate designated days.

Architectural Features

• The complex contains intricately carved stone pillars featuring floral motifs, geometric designs and mythological depictions.
• Structural remains indicate a mandapa-style hall, characteristic of Hindu temple architecture.

Inscriptions & Cultural Importance

• Sanskrit and Pali inscriptions discovered on pillars and walls mention Paramara rulers such as Udayaditya, Naravarman and Arjunavarma Deva.
• The site also references the Sanskrit drama Karpuramanjari written by royal tutor Madana.

Anaimangalam Copper Plates

The historic Anaimangalam Copper Plates, also known as the Leiden Plates, were formally returned by the Netherlands during the official visit of Narendra Modi to The Hague.

About Anaimangalam Copper Plates

• They are 11th-century royal charters commissioned by Rajaraja Chola I and later engraved during the reign of Rajendra Chola I.
• The inscriptions record land and revenue grants made to the Chulamanivarma Vihara Buddhist monastery.
• The grant related to the village of Anaimangalam near Nagapattinam.

Connection with Srivijaya Kingdom

• The monastery was built by Sri Mara Vijayotunga Varman of the Srivijaya Kingdom, centred in present-day Indonesia.
• The plates reflect maritime, religious, and diplomatic ties between the Chola Empire and Southeast Asia.

Composition & Symbols

• The collection consists of 21 large copper sheets and 3 smaller copper sheets
• The larger plates are bound by a bronze loop displaying the Chola dynastic emblem: Tiger (Cholas), Fish (Pandyas), Bow (Cheras)
• The smaller sheets belong to Kulottunga Chola I, who later extended the revenue grant.

Language & Content

• Inscriptions are written in Tamil and Sanskrit
• Sanskrit sections contain invocations and Chola genealogy.
• Tamil sections provide administrative and revenue details.

Historical Acquisition

• The plates were acquired around 1700 CE by Dutch missionary Florentius Camper during the rule of the Dutch East India Company over the Coromandel Coast.

Ebola Outbreak in DR Congo

World Health Organization declared the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).
The current outbreak is linked to the Bundibugyo virus strain in Ituri province of DR Congo.

Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)

• A severe and often fatal viral disease affecting humans and non-human primates.
• First identified in 1976 near the Ebola River in present-day DR Congo.
• Caused by viruses of the Orthoebolavirus genus under the Filoviridae family.

Six Species of Orthoebolaviruses

1. Bombali virus
2. Bundibugyo virus
3. Ebola (Zaire) virus – deadliest strain
4. Reston virus
5. Sudan virus
6. Taï Forest virus

Treatment & Vaccines

• No universally approved cure yet.
• Supportive care, hydration, and early treatment improve survival.
• Vaccines developed include Ervebo, Zabdeno, Mvabea

Common Criteria Development Board

India assumed the Chairmanship of the Common Criteria Development Board for the 2026–2028 period for the first time.

About Common Criteria Development Board (CCDB)

• CCDB is the technical core of the Common Criteria Recognition Arrangement.
• It manages the Common Criteria (CC) framework for IT product security evaluation, and the Common Methodology for IT Security Evaluation (CEM) used to standardise testing procedures.

About CCRA

• CCRA is an international arrangement/treaty for mutual recognition of security certification of IT products among member countries.
• It eliminates the need for repeated security testing and certification across different countries.
• CCRA includes 20 certificate-authorising nations and 18 certificate-consuming nations
• India has been a certificate-authorising nation since 2013.

India’s Nodal Agency

• The Standardisation Testing and Quality Certification Directorate under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology serves as India’s nodal agency for the arrangement.

Afsluitdijk Dam

Narendra Modi visited the iconic Afsluitdijk Dam to enhance India–Netherlands cooperation in water management, climate resilience, and sustainable infrastructure.

About Afsluitdijk Dam

• Afsluitdijk is a 32-km-long barrier dam and causeway located in the Netherlands.
• The dam protects large low-lying areas of the Netherlands from flooding caused by the North Sea.
• It transformed the saline Zuiderzee inlet into the freshwater IJsselmeer lake.
• This significantly improved freshwater security and land reclamation efforts in the Netherlands.

India–Netherlands Cooperation

• India is studying Dutch expertise in integrated water management and climate-resilient infrastructure.
• The collaboration is particularly relevant for the proposed Kalpasar Project.

About Kalpasar Project

• A proposed mega water-management and freshwater-storage project in Gujarat.
• It aims to construct a massive dam across the Gulf of Khambhat.
• Objectives include freshwater storage, flood control, climate resilience, irrigation support and regional development.

Jaggery Production in India

Jaggery, commonly known as gur, has witnessed a major export rise, with exports increasing by 106.5% in value between 2015–16 and 2024–25.

About Jaggery

• Jaggery is a traditional, unrefined, natural sweetener often referred to as “medicinal sugar.”
• It is widely regarded as an indigenous Indian product.
• Produced mainly from sugarcane juice through natural processing methods.
• Sugarcane is processed into Jaggery, Khandsari and Refined Sugar
• Among these, jaggery is considered the most naturally processed form.

Key Facts About Jaggery Production in India

1. Global Position

• India is the world’s largest producer of jaggery, contributing over 70% of global production.

2. Major Producing States (2024)

• Uttar Pradesh — 48.5%, Maharashtra — 24.1%, Karnataka — 10.5%

National Compliance Reduction & Deregulation Initiative

Tripura became the first state in India to complete all deregulation priority areas under the National Compliance Reduction and Deregulation Initiative.

About the National Compliance Reduction & Deregulation Initiative

• It is a nationwide reform programme aimed at reducing regulatory and procedural burdens, improving ease of doing business and enhancing administrative efficiency.
• Led by the Cabinet Secretariat.
• Focuses on simplification of regulations, digitisation of approvals and clearances, removal of redundant compliances, reduction in unnecessary procedural requirements across sectors.

Objectives

• Improve governance efficiency and transparency.
• Reduce delays in government approvals and services.
• Promote investment and economic activity through easier compliance systems.
• Encourage paperless and technology-driven administration.

Triacetone Triperoxide

Triacetone Triperoxide, commonly referred to as the “Mother of Satan,” was reportedly used in the vehicle-borne IED involved in the 2025 Red Fort Blast 2025, according to the National Investigation Agency.

About TATP

• TATP is a powerful and highly unstable organic peroxide explosive.
• It is frequently associated with improvised explosive devices (IEDs).
• Composition: Acetone, Hydrogen peroxide, Acid catalysts

One-Liners

Turtle Conservation

• India’s first satellite-tagged Ganges softshell turtle was released into the Brahmaputra River at Kaziranga National Park.
• The initiative was led by the Wildlife Institute of India under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, with support from the Assam Forest Department and funding from the National Geographic Society.
• Kaziranga hosts five of India’s eight soft-shell turtle species and lies within the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. It is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

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