2 December 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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11th Governing Body Session of the ITPGRFA Concludes in Peru

Why in News?

The 11th session of the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) ended in Lima, Peru, without a breakthrough on strengthening the Multilateral System (MLS) of access and benefit-sharing.

Key Highlights of the Session

Stalemate on Enhancing the Multilateral System (MLS)

• Negotiations on reforms to the MLS’s access and benefit-sharing mechanisms failed to reach consensus.
• The MLS covers genetic resources of 35 major food crops and 29 forage species, representing nearly 80% of global plant-based food consumption.
• Member countries, upon joining the Treaty, commit to providing access to the genetic diversity of these listed crops, mainly through public gene banks.

Compromise Outcome at GB-11

1. Conditional Adoption of the Revised Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA)

• The session agreed to adopt an updated SMTA, but payment rates and implementation thresholds will only be finalised at the 12th session (GB-12).
• Role of SMTA: Governs transfer of plant genetic material, Provides safeguards against misuse, Ensures equitable sharing of commercial benefits

2. Pending Issues Deferred to GB-12

• Payment system revisions
• Expansion of Annex I (list of crops under MLS)
• Rules on handling Digital Sequence Information (DSI)

India’s Position

• India emphasised protection of sovereign rights over genetic resources.
• It opposed the lack of transparency in the draft proposals.
• India insisted that all unresolved items, including benefit-sharing mechanisms, be discussed comprehensively at GB-12.

About ITPGRFA

1. Overview

• Adopted at the FAO Conference in 2001 and enforced in 2004.
• First legally binding international treaty focused on crop genetic diversity.

2. Objectives

• Conservation of global crop diversity
• Promotion of sustainable and equitable use
• Ensuring fair benefit-sharing from plant genetic resources

3. Membership

• Comprises 154 countries plus the European Union, including India.

Stages of Artificial Intelligence

Why in News?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) continues to evolve rapidly, making it essential to understand its developmental stages—from current narrow applications to potential future forms of advanced intelligence.

Overview of AI Stages

AI progression is broadly classified into three developmental stages based on capability and autonomy:

• Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)
• Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
• Artificial Superintelligence (ASI)

Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)

Also known as Weak AI.

1. Key Features

• Designed for specific, limited tasks
• Cannot extend learning beyond the defined domain
• Operates on pre-set rules or trained patterns

2. Examples

• Virtual assistants: Siri, Alexa
• Recommendation systems, image classifiers, chatbots

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

Referred to as Strong AI.

Key Features

• Hypothetical form of AI with human-like cognitive abilities
• Capable of learning, reasoning, and solving any intellectual task
• Possesses the ability to generalize knowledge across diverse situations
• True AGI has not been achieved yet

Artificial Superintelligence (ASI)

A speculative and highly advanced stage of AI.

Key Features

• Surpasses human intelligence in all fields—creativity, problem-solving, and decision-making
• Could potentially address complex challenges far beyond human capability
• Remains a theoretical concept, with ongoing ethical and safety debates

Assam GoM Proposes ST Status for Six Communities

Why in News?

• A Group of Ministers (GoM) constituted by the Assam government has submitted recommendations to grant Scheduled Tribe (ST) status to six major communities currently listed under Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
• Communities Proposed for Inclusion: Tai Ahom, Tea Tribes/Adivasis, Moran, Motok, Chutia, Koch-Rajbongshi
• These groups together constitute nearly 27% of Assam’s total population.

Major Recommendations of the GoM

1. Introduction of a Three-Tier ST Structure

• Proposal to create a new category titled ST (Valley).
• At present, Assam has two ST segments: ST (Plains) – 10% reservation ,ST (Hills) – 5% reservation

2. Central Reservation Framework

• All communities receiving ST status will fall under the national ST list, ensuring uniform reservation and welfare benefits across the country.

3. Interim Measures

• Until the ST status is formally approved, the GoM suggests sub-categorising the existing 27% OBC reservation quota within the state to provide temporary relief.

Constitutional Perspective on ST Status

1. Definition & Legal Basis

• Article 366(25): Defines Scheduled Tribes as groups identified under Article 342.
• Article 342: Grants the President the authority to notify the initial list of STs; any subsequent revisions require Parliamentary approval.

2. Criteria for Identifying STs

Although the Constitution does not specify criteria, the Lokur Committee (1965) recommended indicators such as:

• Distinct cultural identity
• Primitive or traditional traits
• Geographical isolation
• Social and cultural backwardness
• Limited interaction with mainstream society

India Re-elected to UNESCO Executive Board (2025–2029)

Why in News?

India has secured its re-election to the Executive Board of UNESCO for the 2025–2029 term, reaffirming its active role in promoting global education, science, culture, and communication initiatives.

About UNESCO

1. Overview

• Full Name: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
• Headquarters: Paris, France
• Established: Constitution enforced in November 1946
• Membership: 194 Member States and 12 Associate Members

2. Purpose

• UNESCO is a specialized UN agency dedicated to fostering shared humanity through: Education, Science, Culture, Communication

Governance Structure

UNESCO operates through three main bodies:

• General Conference – Policy-making and decision authority
• Secretariat – Administrative and operational functions
• Executive Board – Oversees implementation of programs and budget

Key Achievements

• Universal Copyright Convention (1952) – Protection of intellectual property
• Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme (1971) – Sustainable ecosystem management
• Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972) – Safeguarding global heritage sites

WTDC-25 Concludes Under ITU in Baku

Why in News?

The World Telecommunication Development Conference 2025 (WTDC-25), organized by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), concluded in Baku, highlighting global efforts to advance digital technologies and ICT infrastructure.

About International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

Overview

• Type: United Nations Specialized Agency for Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
• Established: 1865, following the first International Telegraph Convention in Paris (initially named International Telegraph Union)
• Membership: 194 Member States and over 1,000 private sector entities, universities, and organizations

Key Functions of ITU

1. Management of Key Resources

• Allocates radio frequencies
• Assigns satellite orbital positions

2. Standardization and Regulation

• Develops technical standards to ensure global seamless connectivity
• Facilitates coordinated development of telecommunication networks worldwide

India Unveils Indigenous Hansa-3 NG Trainer Aircraft

Why in News?

The Union Minister of State for Science and Technology launched the production version of India’s indigenous Hansa-3 NG at CSIR–National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Bengaluru, marking a milestone in domestic aviation training solutions.

About Hansa-3 NG

1. Overview

• Type: All-composite, two-seat pilot trainer aircraft
• Significance: First of its kind fully indigenous trainer aircraft in India

2. Purpose

Designed to meet the growing demand for pilot training programs in India, specifically for:

• Private Pilot License (PPL)
• Commercial Pilot License (CPL)

3. Key Features

• Lightweight and durable all-composite structure
• Ideal for initial flight training and skill development
• Supports India’s goal of enhancing self-reliance in aviation technology

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