22 June 2026 Current Affairs (With PDF)

We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

U.S.–Iran Peace Agreement

Why in News?

The United States and Iran have signed a 14-point Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) aimed at easing long-standing tensions and fostering stability in the West Asian region.

About the Agreement

• The MoU, signed by the leaders of both countries, seeks to reduce hostilities, strengthen regional security, and create a framework for sustained diplomatic engagement.
• It outlines measures related to ceasefire implementation, sanctions relief, economic cooperation, and nuclear negotiations.

Key Features of the Agreement

1. Permanent Ceasefire

• Both countries have committed to an immediate and enduring cessation of military hostilities across all theatres, including Lebanon.
• The agreement also includes a pledge to refrain from the use or threat of force in future engagements.

2. Restoration of Maritime Navigation

• The United States will gradually ease restrictions affecting Iranian maritime activities.
• Iran, in turn, has agreed to ensure the uninterrupted movement of commercial shipping through the strategically important Strait of Hormuz.

3. Phased Sanctions Relief

• Washington has proposed a calibrated rollback of economic sanctions.
• The measures include exemptions related to Iranian oil exports and associated financial transactions.

4. Economic Recovery Support

• The framework envisages mobilising approximately USD 300 billion for Iran’s economic revival and infrastructure development.
• The proposed support aims to facilitate reconstruction and stimulate long-term growth.

5. Nuclear Commitments

• Iran has reaffirmed that it will not pursue nuclear weapons development.
• It has also agreed to place its enriched uranium reserves under the supervision of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as part of future negotiations.

6. Compliance and Oversight

• A joint implementation mechanism will be established to monitor adherence to the agreement and address disputes arising during implementation.

7. International Backing

• The parties have proposed securing the agreement through a binding resolution of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), enhancing its international legitimacy.

8. Roadmap for a Comprehensive Settlement

• Both sides have agreed to negotiate a broader and more comprehensive peace arrangement within a 60-day timeframe.

Key Challenges

1. Lebanon–Hezbollah Dynamics

• Differences persist over the role of Hezbollah and the security situation in Lebanon.
• Continued regional hostilities could complicate the implementation of the agreement.

2. Compressed Negotiation Timeline

• Finalising a comprehensive settlement within 60 days may prove difficult given the complexity of the issues involved.
• Previous nuclear negotiations required substantially longer periods to conclude.

3. Unresolved Nuclear Issues

• The framework does not clearly define permissible uranium enrichment levels or the long-term handling of Iran’s existing enriched uranium stockpiles.
• These remain significant points of contention.

4. Financing Concerns

• Questions remain regarding the sourcing and disbursement of the proposed reconstruction funds.
• Uncertainty over financial commitments from participating stakeholders could affect implementation.

5. Missile Programme and Regional Proxies

• The agreement does not address Iran’s ballistic missile capabilities or its links with regional non-state actors.
• These issues continue to be viewed as major sources of regional instability.

Related Background: JCPOA

• The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), concluded in 2015 between Iran and the P5+1 nations, sought to limit Iran’s nuclear activities in exchange for sanctions relief.
• The agreement received backing through a UNSC resolution, reinforcing its international legal standing under the UN Charter.
• Subsequent disputes and withdrawal by the United States in 2018 contributed to renewed tensions, making the current agreement a significant diplomatic development.

Parliamentary Standing Committee Report on Higher Education

Why in News?

The Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Education, Women, Children, Youth and Sports has submitted its 379th, 380th, and 381st reports to the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The 381st Report focuses on key challenges and reforms in India’s higher education sector.

Key Findings of the 381st Report

1. Education Spending Remains Below Target

• Public expenditure on education stood at 4.12% of GDP in 2021–22, significantly below the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 target of 6%.
• The report noted that the allocation for higher education in 2025–26 witnessed relatively modest growth compared to earlier budget cycles.

2. Concerns over CUET Design

• The Committee observed that the Common University Entrance Test (CUET) follows a largely standardised, MCQ-based format.
• Such an approach may not adequately assess analytical, interpretative, and descriptive skills required in humanities and social science disciplines.

3. Underutilised NTA Resources

• The National Testing Agency (NTA) accumulated a revenue surplus of approximately ₹448 crore over six years.
• The Committee expressed concern that these resources were not sufficiently utilised for strengthening examination security systems and technological safeguards.

4. Limited Reach of PM-Vidyalaxmi Scheme

• Under the scheme, eligible students can avail a 3% interest subvention on education loans up to ₹10 lakh for families with annual income up to ₹8 lakh.
• However, benefits are restricted to students enrolled in designated Quality Higher Education Institutions (QHEIs), limiting broader access.

5. Delay in Higher Education Data

• Publication of the All-India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) has witnessed significant delays.
• The absence of updated data for the past three years has affected evidence-based planning, policy formulation, and sectoral assessment.

6. Slow Progress of Institutions of Eminence (IoE)

• The Institutions of Eminence (IoE) initiative was launched to enhance the global competitiveness of Indian universities.
• Despite being introduced eight years ago, only 12 out of the proposed 20 institutions have been formally notified, indicating slower-than-expected implementation.

TRISHNA Satellite

Why in News?

India and France have announced plans to jointly launch the TRISHNA (Thermal Infra-Red Imaging Satellite for High-resolution Natural Resource Assessment) mission in 2027 to strengthen Earth observation and climate-monitoring capabilities.

About TRISHNA

• TRISHNA is a joint Earth observation mission being developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES).
• The mission is designed to provide high-resolution thermal and optical observations for monitoring natural resources, climate processes, and environmental changes.

Major Payloads

1. Thermal Infrared (TIR) Payload – CNES

• Equipped with advanced thermal infrared sensors.
• Measures land surface temperature and evapotranspiration, aiding climate and water-resource studies.

2. Visible–Near Infrared–Short Wave Infrared (VNIR-SWIR) Payload – ISRO

• Captures data on vegetation and land surfaces.
• Enables assessment of surface reflectance, crop conditions, and other biophysical characteristics.

3. Mission Characteristics

• Orbit: Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO)
• Altitude: 761 km above Earth
• Mission Life: 5 years

4. Spatial Resolution

• 57 metres over land and coastal regions.
• 1 kilometre over oceans and polar areas.

Key Applications

1. Climate and Environmental Monitoring

• Tracking drought conditions and heat stress.
• Monitoring urban heat islands and climate variability.

2. Cryosphere Studies

• Observation of glacier movement and retreat.
• Assessment of snowmelt patterns and permafrost degradation.

3. Agriculture and Water Management

• Measuring crop health and water-use efficiency.
• Supporting sustainable irrigation and resource planning.

4. Ecosystem Assessment

• Monitoring vegetation dynamics and ecosystem health.
• Providing data for biodiversity and conservation initiatives.

Significance

• Strengthens India–France cooperation in space science and Earth observation.
• Enhances global efforts in climate-change monitoring and natural-resource management.
• Provides critical datasets for agriculture, disaster management, water security, and environmental sustainability.

Energy Transition Index (ETI) 2026

Why in News?

The World Economic Forum (WEF) has released the Energy Transition Index (ETI) 2026, assessing countries’ progress in building energy systems that are secure, sustainable, equitable, and resilient.

About the Energy Transition Index (ETI)

• The ETI is an annual assessment that measures how effectively countries are transitioning towards clean and reliable energy systems.
• It evaluates performance across three key dimensions:
  - Energy Security
  - Energy Equity (Affordability and Accessibility)
  - Environmental Sustainability
• The index also examines transition readiness, including policy frameworks, infrastructure, investments, innovation, and institutional capacity.

Key Findings of ETI 2026

1. Global Leaders

• Advanced economies dominated the rankings, occupying 14 of the top 20 positions.
• Sweden retained the top position for the third consecutive year.
• It was followed by Finland and Denmark.

2. Slow and Uneven Progress

• Only 24% of the 120 countries assessed recorded improvements simultaneously in energy security, affordability, and sustainability.
• The findings indicate that balanced progress across all dimensions remains a major challenge.

3. Decline in Transition Readiness

• Despite unprecedented investments in clean energy, global transition readiness declined for the first time in over a decade.
• Rising geopolitical tensions, supply-chain disruptions, and energy security concerns emerged as key contributing factors.

4. Record Energy Investments

• Global energy investment reached approximately USD 3.3 trillion in 2025.
• Clean-energy investments accounted for a significant share, with renewables and nuclear energy together generating 42% of global electricity.
• Nearly 800 GW of new power-generation capacity was added during the year.

India’s Performance

1. Improved Ranking

• India advanced two positions to rank 70th globally in ETI 2026.
• Its overall score improved by 1.9%, reflecting progress in transition readiness and clean-energy deployment.

2. Growth in Green Employment

• India witnessed a 24% increase in low-carbon jobs during 2024.
• The hydropower sector emerged as a major contributor to employment growth within the clean-energy ecosystem.

Inter-Governmental Negotiations (IGN) on UNSC Reform

Why in News?

India’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations has expressed concerns over the latest Inter-Governmental Negotiations (IGN) “Elements Paper”, arguing that it weakens the existing consensus on reforming the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).

About Inter-Governmental Negotiations (IGN)

1. IGN is an informal negotiating framework under the United Nations General Assembly dedicated to discussions on reforming the United Nations Security Council.

2. Established in 2008, it serves as the principal platform where all 193 UN Member States deliberate on making the Security Council more representative, transparent, accountable, and effective.

3. The process addresses key issues such as:

• Expansion of permanent and non-permanent membership.
• Regional representation.
• The veto question.
• Working methods of the Council.
• Relationship between the UNSC and the UN General Assembly.

Elements Paper

• Each year, the IGN Co-Chairs prepare an “Elements Paper” summarising discussions among member states.
• The document identifies:
  - Convergences – areas where broad agreement exists.
  - Divergences – issues where significant differences remain.
• It serves as a reference point for subsequent rounds of negotiations.

Major Groupings within the IGN

1. G4 Nations

• Comprises Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan.
• Advocates permanent membership for the four countries.
• Also supports enhanced and permanent representation for Africa in the Security Council.

2. African Union (AU)

Guided by the Ezulwini Consensus and the Sirte Declaration.

Demands:

• Two permanent African seats with veto powers if the veto system continues.
• Five additional non-permanent seats for Africa.

3. Uniting for Consensus (UfC) / Coffee Club

• Includes countries such as Italy, Pakistan, and Argentina.
• Opposes the creation of new permanent seats.
• Supports expanding only non-permanent and rotational membership categories.

4. L.69 Group

• Coalition of developing countries from Africa, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, including many Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
• Advocates comprehensive UNSC reform with greater representation for developing nations and the Global South.

Significance of UNSC Reform

• Reflects contemporary geopolitical realities rather than the post-World War II power structure.
• Enhances representation of developing countries and underrepresented regions.
• Improves the legitimacy, effectiveness, and credibility of the UN system.
• Supports calls for a more democratic and inclusive global governance framework.

International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)

Indian jurist Bimal N. Patel has been elected as a judge of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea for a nine-year term (2026–2035).

• ITLOS is an independent judicial institution established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to adjudicate disputes relating to the interpretation and implementation of maritime law.
• Headquartered in Hamburg, it consists of 21 judges representing different legal systems and geographical regions.
• No two judges on the Tribunal can be nationals of the same country.
• One-third of the bench (7 judges) is elected every three years, ensuring continuity in its functioning.

National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA)

The National Institute of Urban Affairs is commemorating its Golden Jubilee under the theme “Resilient Urban India @2047.”

• NIUA is India’s premier urban-policy think tank and capacity-building institution functioning under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
• Established in 1976 and headquartered in New Delhi, it supports evidence-based urban planning and governance reforms.
• The institute serves as a bridge between academic research and practical urban-development solutions.
• It plays a key role in addressing challenges arising from rapid urbanisation and promoting sustainable, inclusive, and resilient cities.

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