23 December 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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New Uniform Definition of Aravalli Hills

Why in News

The Supreme Court has accepted a uniform definition of the Aravalli Hills, recommended by a Central Government–appointed expert committee. According to the Union Environment Minister, this definition brings over 90% of the Aravalli landscape under protection and enables landscape-level conservation by treating the Aravalli as a continuous geological system rather than fragmented hill patches.

Supreme Court’s Rationale

• Landscape-Level Conservation: The Aravalli must be viewed as a continuous geological ridge, not as isolated or disconnected hill features.
• Uniformity & Clarity: A standard definition removes ambiguity that earlier allowed regulatory gaps and environmental degradation.

Key Recommendations of the Expert Committee

1. Operational Definitions

• Aravalli Hills: Any landform in notified Aravalli districts with a minimum elevation of 100 metres above local relief.
• Aravalli Range: Two or more Aravalli Hills located within 500 metres of each other.

2. Core / Inviolate Zone Safeguards

• Absolute prohibition of mining in: Protected Areas, Eco-Sensitive Zones, Tiger Reserves, Wetlands, CAMPA plantation areas

Other Key Directions of the Supreme Court

1. Management Plan for Sustainable Mining (MPSM):

• To be prepared by the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) for the entire Aravalli landscape.

2. Moratorium on New Mining Leases:

• No fresh mining leases permitted until a new MPSM is finalised, modeled on the Saranda Forest MPSM (Jharkhand).

About the Aravalli Range

• Among the oldest mountain ranges in the world (Pre-Cambrian), older than the Himalayas.
• Extends for over 800 km, from Gujarat to Delhi, passing through Rajasthan and Haryana.
• Highest Peak: Guru Shikhar, Mount Abu (Rajasthan).

Initiatives for Aravalli Conservation

1. Matri Van Initiative:

• Development of a 750-acre urban forest in the Aravalli region under the ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ programme.

2. Aravalli Green Wall Project:

• Creation of a 5 km-wide green buffer around the Aravalli range across four states.

3. M.C. Mehta v. Union of India:

• Through multiple judgments, the Supreme Court restricted and banned mining activities across large parts of the Aravalli region.

Child Marriage Free Bharat Campaign completes One Year

Why in News

Child Marriage Free Bharat Campaign has completed one year since its launch, reinforcing India’s commitment to eliminating child marriage through legal enforcement, community mobilisation and behaviour change.

Child Marriage: Concept & Legal Framework

1. Definition:

• Marriage of a child before attaining adulthood.

2. India:

• Governed by the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA), 2006
• Minimum age: 18 years for females and 21 years for males

3. Global Definition:

• As per the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), a child is any person below 18 years; marriages within this age group are treated as child marriages.

Trends in India (NFHS Data)

• 2005–06: 47.4%
• 2015–16: 26.8%
• 2019–21: 23.3%

Indicates a steady decline, though progress remains uneven across regions.

States with High Prevalence

• West Bengal
• Bihar
• Tripura

Key Drivers of Child Marriage

• Poverty: Girls perceived as an economic burden in poor households.
• Patriarchy: Education and autonomy of girls often deprioritised.
• Socio-cultural & Religious Practices: Early marriage considered auspicious in certain communities.

Measures to Curb Child Marriage

`1. Legal Measures

• PCMA, 2006: Empowers States to appoint Child Marriage Prohibition Officers (CMPOs)
  - Provides for prevention, protection and annulment of child marriages.

2. Government Schemes

• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP): Focus on education, awareness and gender empowerment.

3. Grassroots Innovations

• Surajpur Model (Chhattisgarh): 75 Gram Panchayats declared ‘Child Marriage-Free’, showcasing community-led prevention.

4. Global Commitments

• UNCRC: India is a signatory.
• Sustainable Development Goal 5.3: Eliminate child, early and forced marriage by 2030.

Significance of the Campaign

• Strengthens convergence between law enforcement and community participation.
• Promotes girls’ education, health, dignity and economic empowerment.
• Supports India’s broader goals under SDG 5 (Gender Equality).

Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)

Why in News

The FSSAI has firmly rejected claims linking egg consumption to cancer risk, stating that such assertions are not supported by credible scientific evidence and may mislead the public.

About Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)

• Ministry: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• Established under: Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006
• Nature: Statutory body

1. Mandate

• Lays down science-based food safety and quality standards
• Regulates manufacture, storage, distribution, sale and import of food
• Ensures safe, wholesome and hygienic food for consumers

2. Governing Structure

• Headed by a Chairperson
• 22 Members in the Food Authority
• One-third of the members are women, ensuring gender representation

National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC)

Why in News

India and the Netherlands have signed a MoU to collaborate on the National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC), strengthening international cooperation in maritime heritage conservation and museum development.

About National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC)

1. Location:

• Lothal, Gujarat

2. Theme:

• Showcasing India’s 4,500-year-old maritime heritage

3. Significance of Lothal:

• A major site of the Indus Valley Civilisation
• Known as ‘Mound of the Dead’
• Site of the world’s earliest known man-made dockyard, reflecting advanced urban planning and maritime trade
• Implemented under Sagarmala Programme

4. Ministry:

• Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways

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