25 December 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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ISRO’s LVM3-M6 Successfully Launches BlueBird Block-2 Satellite into LEO

ISRO’s LVM3 Successfully Launches BlueBird Block-2 Satellite into Low Earth Orbit on Commercial Mission.

Key Highlights of the LVM3-M6 Mission

1. Mission Profile:

• LVM3-M6 marks the sixth operational flight of ISRO’s LVM3 launch vehicle.
• It is the third exclusive commercial mission undertaken to deploy the BlueBird Block-2 satellite.

2.Launch Details:

• Lift-off took place from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota.
• The mission was executed under a commercial launch agreement.

3. Commercial Framework:

• The launch was facilitated by NewSpace India Limited (NSIL).
  - NSIL was established in 2019.
  - It is a wholly owned Government of India company under the Department of Space.
  - Acts as the commercial interface of ISRO for satellite launches and space services.
• The satellite belongs to AST SpaceMobile, a US-based space technology company.

About BlueBird Block-2 Satellite

1. Constellation Role:

• Forms part of a global Low Earth Orbit satellite constellation.
• Designed to enable direct satellite-to-mobile communication without ground towers.

2. Functional Capabilities:

• Supports 4G and 5G services, including Voice and video calls, Text messaging, Data services and streaming

3. Technical Specifications:

• Equipped with a 223 square metre phased-array antenna.
• Recognised as the largest commercial communications satellite deployed in LEO.
• With a mass of 6,100 kg, it is the heaviest payload launched by the LVM3 to date.

4. About Low Earth Orbit (LEO):

• Lies at an altitude of approximately 160–1,000 km above Earth.
• Preferred for Earth observation and imaging, Communication constellations, Hosting platforms like the International Space Station (ISS)

About ISRO’s LVM3 Launch Vehicle

1. Launch Vehicle Configuration:

• A three-stage heavy-lift launcher comprising:
  - Two S200 solid strap-on boosters
  - One L110 liquid core stage
  - One C25 cryogenic upper stage

2. Performance Parameters:

• Total lift-off mass: ~640 tonnes
• Payload capacity: Up to 4,200 kg to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO)

3. About GTO:

• An elliptical orbit with apogee near 35,786 km.
• Used as a transfer orbit for placing satellites into geosynchronous or geostationary orbits.

4. Notable Past Missions:

• Chandrayaan-2
• Chandrayaan-3
• Two OneWeb missions, jointly deploying 72 satellites

Annual Report 2024–25 of the Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks Released

Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks (CGPDTM) Releases 2024–25 Annual Report Highlighting Growth and Emerging Trends in India’s Intellectual Property Rights Ecosystem.

Key Findings from the Report

1. Record Growth in IP Filings:

• Total IPR applications rose by around 20% year-on-year, reaching approximately 7.5 lakh filings.
• Reflects increasing awareness, innovation activity, and formal IP protection in India.

2.Dominance of Trademarks:

• Trademark applications formed the largest share, with over 5.5 lakh filings.
• Indicates strong branding activity and growth of enterprises and startups.

3. Patent Applications:

• Patent filings exceeded 1.10 lakh.
• Indian residents accounted for more than 61.9% of patent applications, signalling:
  - Strengthening domestic innovation
  - Greater self-reliance in research and development

4. Other IP Categories:

• Noticeable rise in filings related to Industrial designs, Copyrights, Geographical Indications.

About Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

1. Definition:

• Legal rights granted to individuals or entities over creations of the mind, providing exclusive usage rights for a specified period.

2. Types of IPR:

• Under the IPR Policy Management (IPRPM) framework, 8 categories are recognised: Patents, Trademarks, Industrial Designs, Copyrights, Geographical Indications, Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Layout Designs, Trade Secrets, Plant Varieties

Institutional Framework

1. Primary Authority:

Administered by the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks (CGPDTM).

Functions under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

2. Other Authorities:

Certain IPRs, such as plant varieties, are overseen by the Ministry of Agriculture.

Government Initiatives to Promote IP Ecosystem

1. Awareness and Education:

• National Intellectual Property Awareness Mission (NIPAM): Aims to educate one million students on IP rights and innovation.

2. International Cooperation:

• India is a signatory to several global IP treaties, including: Locarno Agreement (Industrial Designs), Vienna Agreement (Trademark classification)

3. Capacity Building:

• SPRIHA Scheme: Focuses on embedding IPR education in higher education institutions nationwide.

4. Policy Framework:

• National IPR Policy, 2016: Implemented under DPIIT, Provides a comprehensive strategy for IP creation, protection, and commercialization

5. Initiatives:

• IP Saarthi: An AI-enabled chatbot offering guidance and support on IP-related processes

India’s Creator Economy Poised to Power Over $1 Trillion in Consumer Spending by 2030: BCG

Boston Consulting Group Report Projects India’s Creator-Driven Digital Ecosystem to Drive Over $1 Trillion in Consumer Spending by 2030.

Key Insights from the BCG Report

1. Scale of Creator Influence:

• India has an estimated 2–2.5 million active digital creators.
• Creator-led content impacts over 30% of consumers, currently driving $350–400 billion in spending.

2. Growth of Creator-Influenced Consumption:

• The share of purchases shaped by creators is rising rapidly across sectors, from entertainment to lifestyle and commerce.

Drivers of the Creator Economy in India

1. Expanding Digital Infrastructure:

• Average digital content consumption rose from 6.6 hours/week (FY 2020) to 10.9 hours/week (FY 2024).
• Internet users increased from around 740 million to nearly 950 million during the same period.

2. Broadening Demographic Reach:

• The creator ecosystem is no longer confined to Gen Z or metropolitan cities.
• Growing penetration across multiple age groups and Tier II–III cities.

3. Content Formats and Popular Genres:

• Short-form video dominates creator-led engagement.
• Most consumed categories include: Comedy and entertainment, Films and television content, Daily soaps, Fashion and lifestyle

4. Shift in Brand Marketing Strategies:

• Around 70% of brands plan to raise creator marketing budgets by 1.5 to 3 times over the next 2–3 years.
• Indicates a strategic move away from traditional advertising towards influencer-led digital marketing.

About the Creator (or Orange) Economy

1. Meaning:

• A digital ecosystem where content creators, platforms, brands, and intermediaries collaborate to generate revenue.
• Monetization models include: Advertising and sponsorships, Subscriptions and memberships, E-commerce and social commerce

2. Role of Creators:

• Produce digital content such as videos, posts, and live streams.Offer authenticity, relatability, and niche expertise, fostering trust-driven consumer engagement.

Significance of the Creator Economy

1. Economic Contribution:

• YouTube’s creative ecosystem alone contributed over ₹16,000 crore to India’s GDP in 2024.

2. Employment and Innovation:

• Generates livelihoods for: Content creators and influencers, Video editors and designers, IT and digital marketing professionals
• Encourages innovation across social media platforms like YouTube, Instagram, and others.

Key Challenges

• Revenue Uncertainty: Inconsistent monetization and dependence on platform policies.
• Platform-Related Constraints: Algorithm-driven visibility and frequent policy changes.
• Regulatory and Ethical Concerns: Intellectual property protection issues & Trust deficits due to fake followers and inauthentic engagement.

Industrial Parks Emerging as a Core Driver of India’s Innovation and Industrial Expansion

India’s 4,500+ Industrial Parks Drive Innovation, FDI, and Employment with Policy Reforms, Plug-and-Play Infrastructure, and Sustainability Initiatives.

Current Status of Industrial Parks in India

1. Scale and Distribution:

• India hosts over 4,500 industrial parks, as mapped under the India Industrial Land Bank.

2. Corridor-Led Development:

• Under the National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation (NICDC):
  - 306 plug-and-play industrial parks are under various stages of development.
  - 20 industrial parks and smart cities are being developed to support large-scale manufacturing and logistics.

Key Advantages of Industrial Parks

1. Economic and Industrial Impact:

• Enable efficient utilisation of land, capital, and labour through shared infrastructure.
• Enhance productivity and operational efficiency of firms.
• Act as magnets for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):
  - India ranks among the top five global destinations for greenfield investment projects (UNCTAD).
• Generate employment opportunities and contribute to wage growth.

2. Regulatory and Operational Efficiency:

• Offer Single-window clearances, Predictable regulatory frameworks, Reduced transaction and compliance costs
• Environmental and Social Sustainability

3. Encourage resource efficiency and eco-friendly practices:

• Incorporate gender-sensitive infrastructure, along with health, safety, and security provisions for workers.

Government Initiatives to Promote Industrial Parks

1. Plug-and-Play Industrial Parks:

• Union Budget 2025–26 allocated ₹2,500 crore to accelerate their development.
• Designed to enable rapid industrial setup with ready-to-use infrastructure.

2. India Industrial Land Bank (IILB):

• Developed by Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).
• A GIS-enabled digital platform providing: Spatial data (location, connectivity), Non-spatial data (utilities, zoning, approvals)
• Enhances transparency and investment facilitation.

3. Industrial Park Rating System (IPRS):

• A structured framework to evaluate the performance, quality, and competitiveness of industrial parks.
• IPRS 3.0, launched in September 2025, introduced advanced indicators related to: Sustainability, Skill ecosystem linkages, Digital infrastructure and governance

4. Ease of Doing Business Reforms:

• Supported by:
  - National Business Reforms Action Plan (BRAP), 2014
  - Implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST)
• Aimed at simplifying regulations, lowering compliance burden, and improving investor confidence.

MAHASAGAR Doctrine: India’s Evolving Maritime Vision

India Announces $450 Million Reconstruction Aid for Cyclone-Hit Sri Lanka, Strengthening MAHASAGAR Doctrine and IOR Development Role.

About the MAHASAGAR Doctrine

1. Concept and Evolution:

• MAHASAGAR represents an expanded maritime vision, building upon the earlier SAGAR doctrine.
• It marks a shift from a narrow focus on maritime security to a wider emphasis on: Economic cooperation, Geopolitical engagement, Developmental partnerships

2. Meaning and Symbolism: 

• The term ‘MAHASAGAR’, meaning “Great Ocean”, reflects the broader and more ambitious scope of India’s maritime outreach.

3. Core Objective: 

• To enhance India’s strategic leadership in the Indian Ocean Region and the Global South by promoting: Inclusive economic growth, Regional security, Sustainable and resilient development

Strategic Significance

• Positions India as A net security provider in the IOR & A reliable humanitarian and disaster relief partner
• Strengthens diplomatic and developmental ties with neighbouring littoral states.
• Counters growing extra-regional influence through cooperative, rules-based engagement.

About the SAGAR Doctrine

1. Launch and Vision:

• Introduced in 2015, SAGAR stands for “Security and Growth for All in the Region”.
• Focused on enhancing India’s maritime cooperation and regional integration.

2. Five Pillars of SAGAR:

• Maritime Security Cooperation, Trade and Economic Integration, Capacity, Building and Disaster Management, Sustainable Development, Connectivity and Infrastructure Development

MAHASAGAR vs SAGAR: Key Difference

• SAGAR: Primarily maritime security-centric with developmental elements.
• MAHASAGAR: A more comprehensive framework integrating security, economy, geopolitics, and sustainability.
   

India Re-elected to the ICAO Council for 2025–2028 Term

India Re-Elected to ICAO Council for 2025–2028, Highlighting Rising Role in Global Civil Aviation Governance.

About the ICAO Council

1.Role and Functions:

• Serves as the executive governing body of ICAO when the Assembly is not in session.
• Responsible for:
  - Oversight of the ICAO Secretariat
  - Ongoing policy, diplomatic, and technical decision-making
  - Adoption and implementation of international aviation standards

2. Composition and Tenure:

• Consists of 36 member States.
• Members are elected by the ICAO Assembly from among 193 Member States.
• Each Council serves a three-year term.

About the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

1. Institutional Background:

• A specialised agency of the United Nations.
• Established in 1944 under the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation.

2. Membership:

• Comprises 193 member countries.
• India is a founding member.

3. Core Mandate:

• Develops and coordinates international standards and recommended practices (SARPs) for: Aviation safety, Operational efficiency, Environmental sustainability

4. Broader Contributions:

• Ensures the safe and orderly functioning of global air transport.
• Facilitates International trade, Tourism and cultural exchange, Socio-economic development through air connectivity

Group of Monuments at Hampi: Conservation Concerns Highlighted

Finance Minister Raises Concerns Over Poor Maintenance of Hampi’s UNESCO-Listed Cultural Heritage Monuments.

About the Group of Monuments at Hampi

a. Historical Background:

• Represents the surviving remains of the capital city of the Vijayanagara Empire, which flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries CE.
• Once one of the largest and most prosperous urban centres of its time in South India.

b. Geographical Location:

• Situated in the Tungabhadra river basin.
• Located in present-day Vijayanagar district, Karnataka.

c. Inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1986.

Key Architectural and Cultural Remains

• Major Religious and Civic Structures: Krishna Temple, Narasimha and Ganesa monoliths, Hemakuta group of temples, Achyutaraya Temple complex, Vitthala Temple complex
• Vitthala Temple Complex: Regarded as the most elaborate and artistically refined monument at Hampi.

Kuwait Partners with China to Build Mubarak Al-Kabeer Port

Kuwait Signs Deal with China to Build Mubarak Al-Kabeer Port on Boubyan Island, Enhancing Trade and Economic Diversification.

About Mubarak Al-Kabeer Port

1. Location:

• Boubyan Island, Kuwait.

2. Objective:

• Strengthen regional trade and logistics connectivity.
• Contribute to Kuwait’s economic diversification, reducing dependence on oil revenues.

3. Operational Timeline:

• Expected to be fully functional by 2026.

Strategic Significance

a. The port is part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a global infrastructure and connectivity strategy launched in 2013.

b. BRI Components:

• Silk Road Economic Belt: Land-based trade corridors across Europe, Middle East, Central Asia, and Asia.
• Maritime Silk Road: Sea-based routes connecting East Asia, South Asia, Middle East, Africa.

c. Implications for Kuwait:

• Strengthened maritime and logistics infrastructure.
• Enhanced regional trade competitiveness.
• Increased China-Kuwait economic and strategic collaboration.

Thanjavur Painting of Lord Ram Transported from Bengaluru to Ayodhya

Department of Posts Transports Thanjavur Lord Ram Painting from Bengaluru to Ayodhya, Showcasing Efforts to Preserve Classical Art Forms.

About Thanjavur Painting

1. Origin and Historical Background:

• Classical art form named after Thanjavur, a town in Tamil Nadu, historically the capital of the Chola dynasty.
• Flourished under Chola rulers, later Nayaks of Vijayanagara, and Maratha patrons.

2. Key Features:

• Also known as ‘Palagai Padam’ (meaning “picture on a wooden plank”) as artworks are created on wooden planks.
• Embellished with: Glass beads, Semi-precious stones and gems, Vibrant natural colors, Gold foil to create a three-dimensional effect
• Known for extravagant and detailed depictions of deities.

3. Recognition:

• Awarded the Geographical Indications (GI) tag, affirming its unique cultural and regional heritage.

Akash-NG Missile: DRDO Completes Evaluation Trials

DRDO Successfully Completes Akash-NG Missile Trials, Boosting India’s Air Defence Capabilities.

About Akash-New Generation (NG) Missile

1. System Type:

• A Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) system.
• Designed to counter a wide spectrum of aerial threats, including: High-speed targets, Low-altitude intruders, Long-range and high-altitude aerial platforms

2. Development Agencies:

• Developed by DRDO.
• Produced in collaboration with Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL).
   

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