9 December 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 9 December 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

Stablecoins and IMF Warning on Currency Substitution

Why in News?

A recent IMF paper highlighted the rapid growth of stablecoins, their risks, and potential impact on monetary policy, financial stability, and central bank control.

About Stablecoins

• Definition: Crypto assets pegged to stable value (e.g., fiat currency), unlike volatile cryptos like Bitcoin.
• Issuers: Typically centralized entities such as crypto firms or financial institutions.
• Applications: Initially for crypto trading; now expanding to cross-border payments, remittances, and asset tokenization.
• Advantage: Can improve payment efficiency and reduce transaction frictions.

Risks Associated with Stablecoins

• Run Risk: Loss of confidence may trigger mass redemptions, forcing fire sales of reserves (e.g., US Treasuries), affecting financial markets.
• Currency Substitution: Adoption of foreign-denominated stablecoins in high-inflation/weak institutional countries may undermine monetary sovereignty.
• Banking Disintermediation: Could reduce banks’ stable funding sources, impacting lending and financial intermediation.
• Financial Integrity Risks: Pseudonymous blockchain transactions can facilitate money laundering and terrorism financing.

Way Forward / Policy Recommendations

• Promote Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs): Operate within regulated frameworks ensuring consumer protection.
• Macro-financial Safeguards: Address currency substitution, capital flow volatility, and fragmented payments systems.
• International Cooperation: Harmonize regulatory frameworks to prevent regulatory arbitrage and cross-border loopholes.

Private Member’s Bill to Amend the 10th Schedule

Why in News?

A Private Member’s Bill introduced in Lok Sabha proposes amending the 10th Schedule to allow MPs to vote independently, reducing reliance on party whips and promoting better lawmaking.

Background: 10th Schedule & Whip

1. 10th Schedule (1985, 52nd Amendment Act):

• Prevents unprincipled defections (“Aaya Ram–Gaya Ram politics”).
• MPs/MLAs voting against party directives may face disqualification.

2. Whip:

• Party-issued direction compelling MPs/MLAs to vote in a particular way.
• No constitutional or statutory status, only political enforcement.
• 170th Law Commission suggested using whips only on critical votes affecting government survival.

Need for Whip Enforcement

• Prevent Defections: Stop legislators from switching parties for personal gain (political horse-trading).
• Ensure Political Stability: Avoid mid-term government collapse without fresh elections.
• Promote Party Discipline: Maintain cohesion during budgets, confidence votes, or key legislations.

Criticism of Whip System

• Weakening Representative Democracy: MPs cannot vote per conscience or electorate sentiment.
• Suppression of Dissent: Converts elected representatives into “rubber-stamps” of leadership.
• Undermines Article 19(1)(a): Restricts freedom of speech and expression.
• Ineffective in Preventing Instability: Horse-trading and government collapses still occur (e.g., Maharashtra, 2022).

Significance of the Bill

• Seeks to balance party discipline with MP autonomy, ensuring MPs can vote based on conscience rather than coercion.
• Could strengthen deliberative democracy and improve quality of lawmaking.

Chernobyl Protective Shield Damaged

Why in News?

The IAEA confirmed that the protective shield (New Safe Confinement) around the Chernobyl nuclear disaster site in Ukraine has stopped functioning after drone strike damages, raising concerns over radioactive safety.

About the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

1. Headquarters:

• Vienna, Austria

2. Established:

• 1957 as an autonomous organization under the UN

3. Members:

• 180 countries, India included

4. Mandate:

• Promote safe and peaceful use of nuclear technology
• Provide technology transfer and training
• Enforce nuclear safety standards
• Verify that nuclear materials are not diverted for weapons

5. Limitations:

• Cannot inspect military facilities
• Non-NPT members (India, Pakistan, Israel) are not required to place all nuclear material under safeguards

6. Recognition:

• Nobel Peace Prize (2005) for promoting peaceful nuclear use and global safety

Significance of the Event

• Radiation Risk: Damage to Chernobyl’s protective shield could release radioactive materials, threatening public and environmental safety.
• IAEA Role: Highlights global nuclear monitoring and the need for safeguards in conflict zones.
• Geopolitical Concern: Ensures international oversight in nuclear safety amid military conflicts.

Washington Accord for Peace and Prosperity

Why in News?

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Rwanda signed the Washington Accord, facilitated by the United States, to restore peace and stability in eastern DRC following renewed M23 rebel attacks.

Background

• Conflict Trigger: Rwanda-backed M23 rebels launched attacks in eastern DRC, causing displacement and heightening regional tensions.
• Affected Regions: Eastern DRC, including Katanga, Kivu, and Ituri.
• Resource Context: These areas are mineral-rich, with key resources: Copper, cobalt, tin, tungsten, tantalum, gold, diamond, DRC produces 70% of global cobalt supply, critical for batteries and electric vehicles.

Objectives of the Accord

• Restore Trust: Strengthen diplomatic and security relations between DRC and Rwanda.
• Lasting Peace: Prevent rebel incursions and stabilize conflict-prone mineral-rich regions.
• Economic Security: Ensure sustainable management and protection of critical mineral supply chains.

Significance

• Regional Stability: Reduces cross-border conflict and displacement in Central Africa.
• Global Mineral Supply: Secures cobalt and strategic minerals vital for technology and energy sectors worldwide.
• US Facilitation: Highlights international mediation role in African conflicts.

Shyok Tunnel Inauguration

Why in News?

Defence Minister inaugurated 125 border infrastructure projects, including the Shyok Tunnel in eastern Ladakh, aimed at strengthening border connectivity and strategic logistics.

About Shyok Tunnel

• Location: On the Durbuk–Shyok–Daulat Beg Oldie (DS-DBO) Road, eastern Ladakh.
• Connectivity: Links Leh with Daulat Beg Oldie (DBO) military outpost near the China border (LAC).
• Type & Size: 920-metre cut-and-cover tunnel, constructed by Border Roads Organisation (BRO).
• Features: Ensures all-weather connectivity in areas prone to heavy snowfall, avalanches, and extreme cold.

Significance

• Strategic Military Advantage: Facilitates rapid troop and logistics movement to high-altitude border posts.
• Border Infrastructure Strengthening: Part of India’s broader border road network expansion to enhance surveillance and operational readiness.
• All-Weather Accessibility: Overcomes seasonal disruptions, ensuring continuous supply lines in extreme terrain.

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