10 September 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Russia’s mRNA Vaccine “Enteromix” Shows 100% Success in Preclinical Trials

Russia announced that its mRNA-based cancer vaccine “Enteromix” demonstrated 100% success in preclinical trials (as of September 2025).

The vaccine is designed to stimulate immune responses against cancer, initially focusing on colorectal cancer.

Key Features of “Enteromix”

• Technology: Uses mRNA platforms similar to COVID-19 vaccines but re-purposed for cancer therapy.
• Personalized Medicine: Each vaccine dose is tailored to a patient’s tumor profile through mutation mapping.
• Goal: To generate targeted immune responses capable of destroying cancerous cells.

About mRNA Vaccines

1. Definition:

• Vaccines that use a synthetic strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) to instruct body cells to produce specific proteins (antigens).

2. Mechanism:

• mRNA is encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles.
• Once delivered into cells, it triggers production of a protein resembling a part of the pathogen or tumor.
• Immune system recognizes it as foreign, producing antibodies and T-cell responses.

3. Example:

• COVID-19 vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna) used mRNA to produce the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.

Challenges of mRNA Vaccines

• Storage: Require ultra-cold conditions, hindering large-scale distribution.
• Short-term side effects: Fever, fatigue, muscle pain, soreness at the injection site.
• Long-term safety: Still under investigation due to novelty of technology.

Significance

• Represents a breakthrough in personalized oncology.
• Could pave the way for precision cancer immunotherapy beyond colorectal cancer.
• Builds upon lessons learned from COVID-19 mRNA vaccine success.

India’s Space Economy: Projected Growth

A CII–KPMG report (2025) projects India’s space economy to expand from USD 8.4 billion (2022) → USD 44 billion (2033).

India’s global share in the space economy is expected to rise from 2% → 8%.

Key Trends

• Shift in focus: From launch services to monetizing downstream services → Earth Observation (EO), Satellite Communication, Navigation.
• Integration across sectors: Telecom, agriculture, disaster management, urban planning, infrastructure monitoring.
• Private sector rise: ~200 startups driving innovation.
• Institutional reforms: IN-SPACe consolidating demand; ISRO + NSIL as commercial enablers.
• Governance linkage: Platforms like Bhoonidhi portal using space-based inputs for planning & monitoring.

Challenges

• Limited global reach: e.g., NavIC confined to regional coverage.
• EO market underdeveloped: Low enterprise awareness, fragmented demand.
• Private sector hurdles: High capital needs, long incubation, regulatory uncertainties.
• Skilled workforce gap: Brain drain, skill mismatch.
• Tax & regulatory issues: Ambiguities in GST, digital taxation, PPP revenue sharing.
• Strategic risks: Space debris, dual-use technology concerns.

Initiatives to Boost Space Economy

• Indian Space Policy, 2023 → Full non-governmental participation in all domains.
• NSIL → ISRO’s commercial arm for global markets.
• FDI reforms → 100% FDI allowed in space sector.
• Funding support → ₹1,000 crore venture capital fund for space startups.

Significance

• Economic: Fivefold growth strengthens India’s role in global space commerce.
• Strategic: Enhances autonomy, reduces reliance on foreign systems.
• Innovation driver: Boosts AI, IoT, remote sensing, and disaster management.

World Needs Fair & Transparent Trade System – EAM at BRICS 2025

At the virtual BRICS Summit (Sept 2025), India’s External Affairs Minister (EAM) highlighted the urgent need for fairness and transparency in the global trade system.

This comes amid rising protectionism, supply chain disruptions, and institutional gridlocks.

Emerging Challenges in Global Trade

1. Protectionism & Tariffs

• US imposed 50% tariffs on Brazil and India (2025) → undermining WTO’s rules-based order.

2. Weak Multilateralism

• WTO Appellate Body paralysis.
• UN political deadlocks delaying reforms.

3. Supply Chain Fragility

• COVID-19 shocks, Ukraine war, selective sanctions.
• Maritime crises (e.g. Red Sea blockade) → trade & energy volatility.

4. Other Pressures

• Food, energy, fertilizer insecurity (Global South hit hardest).
• EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Tax (CBAM) impacting exports.
• Climate-linked extreme events disrupting flows.

India’s Proposed Way Forward

1. Resilient Supply Chains:

• Diversify hubs via Act East Policy & Quad initiative.

2. Reform Multilateralism:

• Revive WTO dispute settlement & UN reforms for fairer trade.

3. Refashion Trade Ties:

• Rebalancing with China & neighborhood.

4. Aatmanirbhar Bharat Acceleration:

• Ease of Doing Business, lower bureaucratic costs, stable regulatory environment.

5. Trade Diplomacy:

• New FTAs with developed & emerging economies.
• Export promotion in non-traditional markets.
• Support for Global South solidarity in multilateral platforms.

Significance

• For India: Greater market access, reduced vulnerability to external shocks, manufacturing push.
• For Global South: Collective voice against protectionism & climate-linked trade barriers.
• For Global Governance: Revitalizing WTO/UN → rules-based multilateralism.

Israel Becomes First OECD Country to Sign Bilateral Investment Agreement with India

Context

• In September 2025, India and Israel signed a new Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT).
• Israel becomes the first OECD member to sign a BIT with India under its Model BIT 2015.
• The earlier India–Israel BIT (1996) was terminated in 2017.

Key Features of the New India–Israel BIT

• Boost to Investments: Expected to increase bilateral investment flows (currently USD 800 million).
• Investor Protection with Balance: Ensures minimum standard of treatment, while safeguarding India’s sovereign regulatory rights.
• Dispute Resolution: Provides arbitration-based mechanism to resolve investment disputes.

India–Israel Cooperation Landscape

• Economic: Bilateral trade (excl. defence) = USD 6.53 billion in FY 2023–24, with India having a surplus.
• Regional: I2U2 grouping (India, Israel, UAE, US) – first summit in 2022.
• Innovation & S&T: I4F Fund (2023–27) → joint R&D and innovation.
• Defence & Security: Co-developed Barak-8 missile system, regular naval port calls in Haifa.
• Other Areas: Agriculture, water management, health, culture & education exchanges.

Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) – Basics

• Definition: Reciprocal legal agreement for promotion & protection of investments between two states.
• Legal Status: Covered under Art. 38(1)(a) of ICJ Statute (primary source of international law).
• India’s Model BIT 2015: Focuses on balancing investor rights with sovereign policy space.
• Recent BITs signed by India: Uzbekistan (2024), UAE (2024), Kyrgyzstan (2025).

Aadhaar as 12th Document for Voter Revision

The Supreme Court (SC) directed the Election Commission of India (ECI) to accept Aadhaar as the 12th valid document during the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar.

About Aadhaar

1. Nature:

• A 12-digit unique identification number issued by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI).

2. Data Captured:

• Demographic: Name, Gender, Date of Birth, Address.
• Biometric: Fingerprints, Iris scans, Facial photograph.

Legal Provisions

• Section 7, Aadhaar Act 2016: Governments may mandate Aadhaar for receiving benefits, subsidies, or services funded from the Consolidated Fund of India/States.
• Metadata Storage: As per Supreme Court guidelines, Aadhaar-related metadata cannot be stored beyond 6 months.

Key Supreme Court Judgments

Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (2018):

• Upheld the constitutional validity of Aadhaar.
• Aadhaar allowed for welfare schemes & govt. services, but not mandatory for services like bank accounts, mobile SIMs, or school admissions.

Significance of Recent SC Directive

• Enhances inclusivity in voter registration.
• Prevents disenfranchisement of citizens who primarily rely on Aadhaar as their identity document.
• Aligns electoral reforms with digital governance initiatives.

ULLAS (Understanding of Lifelong Learning for All in Society)

Himachal Pradesh has become the fifth State/UT to achieve full functional literacy under the Nav Bharat Saksharta Karyakram (ULLAS).

Other achievers: Tripura, Mizoram, Goa, and Ladakh.

About ULLAS

• Full Form: Understanding of Lifelong Learning for All in Society.
• Background: Based on recommendations of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
• Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
• Official Name: New India Literacy Programme (NILP), popularly known as ULLAS.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Education.
• Duration: 2022–2027 (five years).
• Target Group: Adults aged 15 years and above who missed formal education.

Objectives

• Foundational Skills: Reading, writing, and numeracy.
• Critical Life Skills: Financial literacy, digital literacy, legal awareness, health and hygiene.
• Continuing Education: Equipping learners with vocational and skill-based knowledge.
• Empowerment: Promotes social inclusion, employability, and active citizenship.

Universal Postal Union (UPU) & India’s Integration Initiative

The Union Minister for Communication launched the UPI–UPU Integration Project, aiming to transform cross-border remittances by linking India’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI) with the global postal network.

About the Universal Postal Union (UPU)

1. Established:

• 1874 (Treaty of Bern).

2. Specialized UN Agency:

• Since 1948.

3. Headquarters:

• Berne, Switzerland.

4. Membership:

• 192 countries (including India).

5. Significance:

• Second oldest international organization (after ITU – 1865).

6. Functions:

• Acts as the primary forum for cooperation between postal sector players worldwide.
• Coordinates international postal policies and promotes universal network of modern postal services.
• Ensures global connectivity of postal and financial services.

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