11 June 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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SEZ Reforms 2025 – Boosting Semiconductor & Electronics Manufacturing

Announced by: Ministry of Commerce & Industry

Notified via: Special Economic Zones (Amendment) Rules, 2025

Key Provisions of the SEZ Reforms:

1. Land Requirement Relaxed:

• For SEZs exclusively for semiconductors or electronics: Minimum land reduced from 50 hectares to 10 hectares.

2. Net Foreign Exchange (NFE) Calculations Revised:

• Value of goods received/exported on Free of Cost (FOC) basis now included in NFE calculations.
• NFE = Foreign Exchange Earned - Foreign Exchange Spent (to assess viability of SEZ units).

About SEZ (Special Economic Zone):

1. Definition: A geographically delineated, duty-free zone treated as a foreign territory for trade operations and tariffs.

2. Legal Framework:

• SEZ Policy: Introduced in 2000.
• SEZ Act: Enacted in 2005.

3. Objectives:

• Promote exports, employment, and economic activity.
• Attract investment and improve competitiveness.

Baba Kalyani Committee Recommendations (for SEZ Reform):

• Shift from export-led growth to broad-based economic and employment generation.
• Rebrand SEZs as 3Es – Employment & Economic Enclaves.
• Distinct regulations for services vs manufacturing.

Semiconductor and Electronics Initiatives:

1. Semicon India Programme

Aims to establish India as a global hub for semiconductor design and manufacturing.

Includes 4 schemes:

• Scheme for Semiconductor Fabs
• Display Fabs Scheme
• Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme
• Compound Semiconductors & ATMP/OSAT Facilities Scheme

2. Modernisation of Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL), Mohali under implementation.

Electronics Manufacturing Support:

1. SPECS (Scheme for Promotion of Manufacturing of Electronic Components and Semiconductors)

• Supports domestic manufacturing of critical components.

2. Modified Electronics Manufacturing Cluster (EMC 2.0) Scheme

• Provides financial support for cluster-based infrastructure for electronics production.

3. Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme

• Offers performance-based incentives to attract global manufacturers.

Significance:

• Helps position India as a key player in global electronics and semiconductor value chains.
• Supports Atmanirbhar Bharat by strengthening core technology and supply chain independence.
• Enables SEZs to adapt to next-gen tech sectors like AI, IoT, and chip manufacturing.

Voluntary Narco-Analysis Test: SC Clarifies Legal Position

SC overturned the Patna High Court’s direction permitting narco-analysis of all accused in a dowry harassment case (Amlesh Kumar v. State of Bihar).

What is Narco-Analysis?

• A psychological test involving the use of barbiturates (e.g., sodium pentothal) to lower a person's inhibitions.
• Used to extract information that the subject may not reveal otherwise.
• Not always scientifically reliable or conclusive.

Key Highlights of the SC Ruling:

1. Voluntary, Not Forced: Narco-analysis can be undertaken only voluntarily by the accused.

• Compulsory testing violates constitutional rights.

2. Requires Court Permission: Even voluntary narco-analysis needs prior judicial permission.

• Can be conducted only at an appropriate stage during the trial, i.e., when the accused is leading their own defence evidence.

3. Evidence Value: Outcomes of the test cannot be used as primary evidence.

• Cannot form the sole basis for conviction without corroborative evidence.
• Supported by earlier judgments: Vinobhai v. State of Kerala, Manoj Kumar Soni v. State of M.P.

Constitutional Provisions Involved

Upheld in landmark case: Selvi v. State of Karnataka (2010)

SC Critique of Patna HC Order

• Declared it erroneous to permit blanket narco-analysis on all accused.
• Such blanket orders violate personal liberty and natural justice principles.

Implications

• Reinforces individual autonomy and procedural fairness.
• Emphasizes limited evidentiary value of scientific interrogation techniques.
• Narco-analysis to remain a non-compulsory, judicially supervised tool.

Gig and Platform Workforce in India – Labour Ministry Study Highlights

Key Findings:

1. Projected Workforce: Gig and platform workforce to reach ~62 million by 2047.

2. Current Size:

• ~7.7 million (2020–21)
• Projected to grow to 23 million by 2030 (NITI Aayog report).

3. Gig Economy’s Contribution: Accounts for 56% of new jobs created in India.

What is the Gig Economy?

• Refers to a labour market of short-term, flexible jobs outside traditional employer-employee arrangements.
• Examples: Zomato, Swiggy delivery agents, Ola/Uber drivers, freelancers, digital content creators.

Sectors Involved:

• Started in ride-sharing & food delivery.
• Now expanding to Healthcare, Education, Creative services, Consulting & IT services

Challenges Faced by Gig Workers:

Steps Needed for Reforms:

• Fair Labour Practices: Ensure minimum income, reasonable hours, and occupational safety.
• Social Security Access: Insurance, healthcare, and pension coverage.
• Skill Development: Tailored programs to upskill and reskill gig workers.
• Statutory National Registry: For formal recognition and monitoring of gig and platform workers.
• Grievance Mechanism: A transparent and time-bound resolution framework.

Policy Frameworks to Note:

• Social Security Code, 2020: Includes provisions for gig and platform workers.
• e-Shram Portal: National database of unorganized workers, including gig workers.
• Platform economy as future of employment: Recognized in Economic Survey 2020-21.

Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL)

NTPC–SEforALL tie-up for energy transition roadmap

About SEforALL:

1. Launched: 2011 by Ban Ki-moon, former UN Secretary-General.

2. Type: Independent international organization hosted by UNOPS.

3. Objective:

• Accelerate progress on energy transitions in emerging and developing countries.
• Aligns with UN Sustainable Development Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy).

NTPC-SEforALL Partnership:

1. Purpose: Create a strategic roadmap for NTPC's transition to cleaner energy.

2. Focus areas:

• Energy efficiency
• Renewable energy adoption
• Decarbonization
• Just energy transition

UN Office for Project Services (UNOPS):

1. Status: Self-financing UN agency, separated from UNDP in 1994.

2. Headquarters: Copenhagen, Denmark.

3. Functions:

• Supports implementation of development & humanitarian projects.
• Specializes in infrastructure, procurement, and project management.
• Focused on advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Relevance to India:

1. NTPC (India’s largest power utility) aligning with global best practices for:

• Green hydrogen
• Carbon neutrality
• Global energy partnerships

2. Enhances India's energy security and net-zero commitments under Paris Agreement and Panchamrit targets.

Ejiao

Context (Pakistan)

• Donkey prices have soared due to increased exports to meet Chinese Ejiao demand.
• Pakistan has the third-largest donkey population globally.
• Government initiatives are considering donkey farming as a livestock export opportunity.

What is Ejiao?

• Type: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) remedy.
• Source: Made by boiling donkey hides to extract gelatin.
• Form: A black gelatin-like substance.

Medicinal Uses (as per TCM):

1. Claimed to help with:

• Blood enrichment
• Anti-fatigue effects
• Boosting immunity
• Tumour suppression
• Anti-anaemia properties

2. Popular among older adults and women in China.

Global Impact:

High demand in China has led to:

1. Rising donkey prices in countries like Pakistan, Africa, and Latin America.

2. Decline in donkey population, sparking concerns about:

• Animal welfare
• Livelihoods of rural communities
• Illegal donkey skin trade

International Year of the Woman Farmer – 2026

Declared by: United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)

Proposed by: United States of America

Objective / Aim:

1. Recognize and celebrate the role of women farmers in:

• Food security
• Nutrition
• Poverty eradication

2. Promote gender equality in agriculture and rural development.

3. Empower women in farming and enhance their access to land, credit, technology, and markets.

Why It Matters (Contextual Importance):

• Women contribute 43% of the global agricultural labor force (FAO).
• In India, women form over 70% of the rural agricultural workforce but own less than 13% of land.
• Often referred to as "invisible farmers" due to lack of recognition, rights, and representation.

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