12 June 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Blue Nationally Determined Contributions Challenge

Overview:

• Launched by: Brazil and France
• Partner Countries (as of now): Australia, Fiji, Kenya, Mexico, Palau, Seychelles
• Supported By: Ocean Conservancy, Ocean & Climate Platform, World Resources Institute
• Through: Ocean Resilience and Climate Alliance (ORCA)
• Objective: Urges all countries to center the ocean in their climate action plans (NDCs) ahead of COP30, acknowledging its crucial role in addressing climate change.

Why the Ocean Matters in Climate Action?

• Carbon Sink: Absorbs ~30% of global CO₂ emissions.
• Heat Buffer: Captures ~90% of excess heat from greenhouse gas emissions.
• Blue Carbon Ecosystems: Coastal habitats (mangroves, seagrasses) store carbon up to 4x more efficiently than land forests.
• Offshore Wind Energy: Has potential to supply over one-third of global electricity needs sustainably.

Key Global and Indian Initiatives for Ocean Protection:

1. Global

• Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): Designated zones for marine conservation.
• UN Decade of Ocean Science (2021–2030): Stimulates global ocean science to reverse degradation and support sustainable development.

2. India

• MISHTI (Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes): Promotes mangrove conservation and livelihoods.
• Deep Ocean Mission: India's flagship deep-sea exploration and biodiversity research program.

Conclusion:

• The Blue NDC Challenge represents a major shift in global climate strategy, integrating ocean-based solutions into national commitments, with Brazil, France, and others leading the way. It aligns with the growing recognition that climate and ocean health are inseparable.

UNFPA Report 2025: "The Real Fertility Crisis"

Key Findings:

1. Reproductive Agency Crisis

• Focus should shift from fertility panic to enabling reproductive choice.

2. Fertility Duality in India

• High Fertility States: Bihar, UP, Jharkhand
• Low Fertility States: Delhi, Kerala, Tamil Nadu (Below-replacement level: <2.0)

3. Barriers to Reproductive Freedom

• Financial Barriers: 40% cite cost of raising children.
• Structural Issues: Job insecurity (21%), Housing constraints (22%), Lack of childcare (18%)
• Social Pressure: 19% face influence from family/partners to limit children.
• Modern Anxieties: Climate change, political instability, loneliness, shifting gender roles.

India’s Progress:

1. Fertility Rate declined from 5 (1970) to 2 (2025) due to Improved education and Better access to healthcare

2. Challenges Remain:

• Persistent disparities across states, castes, and income groups.
• Access to services and reproductive autonomy remains unequal.

UNFPA Recommendations for India:

• Expand SRH Services: Universal access to contraception, infertility treatment, and safe abortion.
• Remove Structural Barriers: Affordable childcare, Housing support, Education access, Flexible work arrangements
• Inclusive Policies: Services must include LGBTQIA+, unmarried individuals, and marginalized communities.

About UNFPA:

• Founded: 1969 (as United Nations Fund for Population Activities)
• Renamed: 1987 as United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
• Mission: Ensure sexual and reproductive health and rights for all.

- Empower women and youth to make informed choices about their bodies and lives.

MoHUA Advisory: Repurposing of Smart City SPVs (Special Purpose Vehicles)

Background:

• Smart Cities Mission (SCM): Launched in 2015 to improve quality of urban life in 100 cities.
• End Date: 31 March 2025.
• Over 93% of ~8,000 projects completed.
• ₹48,000 crore fund nearly fully disbursed (99.44%).

What Are SPVs?

• Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) were created under SCM.
• Registered under the Companies Act, 2013.
• Ownership: Jointly held by State/UT Government & Urban Local Bodies (50:50 equity).
• Structure: CEO-led with representation from Centre, State, and ULBs.
• Function: Planning, executing, and managing Smart City projects.

Repurposing SPVs Post-March 2025:

MoHUA has decided that SPVs will continue to operate beyond SCM’s tenure to support urban transformation.

Future Roles of SPVs

• Technology & Digital Governance: Manage cyber hygiene, data analytics, and IT systems for ULBs.
• Project Implementation: Develop & implement bankable urban infrastructure projects and Allowed to charge 1.5%–3% implementation fee (as per state norms).
• Research & Evidence-Based Planning: Conduct impact assessments, logistics planning, and data-driven policy support.
• Investment Facilitation: Support local economic development, inter-government coordination, and public-private partnerships.

Significance:

• Enables institutional continuity.
• Leverages existing SPV capacity for urban innovation and execution.
• Supports urban reforms, data governance, and financial sustainability beyond SCM.

Etalin Hydropower Project – Cleared Amidst Biodiversity Concerns

Approved By:

• Forest Advisory Committee (FAC) – A statutory body under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
• Role: Recommends diversion of forest land for non-forestry purposes (e.g., mining, infrastructure).

Project Details:

• Location: Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh

- Part of the Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot – one of the 36 global hotspots.

• Rivers Involved: Dri River, Talo (Tangon) River
• Type: Two gravity dams
• Capacity: 3,097 MW
• Land Use: 1,165 ha of unclassed forest land to be diverted

- Estimated 2.7 lakh trees to be felled

Ecological & Social Concerns:

1. Biodiversity Loss

• Home to ~56% of India’s bird species
• Globally threatened mammals: 6 species (3 endangered, 3 vulnerable)
• Endemic birds: 3 rare, restricted-range species

2. Indigenous Communities

• Strong resistance from Adi and Idu Mishmi tribes
• Concerns: Displacement, loss of ancestral land, and cultural disruption

SARAT (Search and Rescue Aid Tool)

Activated by INCOIS after a container ship fire off the Kerala coast to issue drift and oil spill advisories.

About SARAT:

1. Full Form: Search and Rescue Aid Tool

2. Developed by:

• INCOIS (Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services)
• Under the Ministry of Earth Sciences
• Part of ESSO (Earth System Science Organization)

3. Initiative: Developed under Make in India

Objective:

To aid maritime search and rescue operations by predicting drift trajectories of:

• Distressed vessels or individuals
• Debris, oil spills, or containers lost at sea

Key Features:

• Uses high-resolution Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS)
• Operates on High Performance Computing (HPC) systems at INCOIS
• Generates real-time drift pattern forecasts

Beneficiary Agencies:

• Indian Coast Guard
• Indian Navy
• Coastal Security Police
• Other maritime rescue
• Response agencies

Hodeidah Port

Overview:

Israel launched its first naval strike on Hodeidah Port amid escalating Red Sea conflict and regional tensions involving Houthi rebels.

The port’s targeting raises global concerns over:

• Disruption of aid and essential goods to war-affected Yemeni civilians.
• Escalation of regional instability affecting global maritime trade routes, especially near the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.

Location:

• Located on the western coast of Yemen, along the Red Sea.

Geopolitical & Humanitarian Significance:

• One of Yemen’s most critical ports.
• Along with Salif and Ras Issa ports, it serves as:

- The entry point for ~70% of Yemen’s imports

- The gateway for ~80% of international humanitarian aid

Saint Sophia Cathedral – Kyiv, Ukraine

Overview:

• Reportedly damaged in a Russian missile attack amid the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict.
• Raises global concern over the destruction of cultural heritage and violations of international humanitarian law.
• UNESCO has condemned attacks on cultural sites and called for their protection as civilian heritage zones.

Location:

• Situated in Kyiv, Ukraine.

Historical and Cultural Significance:

• Built in the 11th century, during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise.
• Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1990 (along with Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra).
• Named after Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom) in Constantinople, reflecting Ukraine’s aspiration to be a spiritual and cultural successor.

Architectural Features:

• Style: A blend of Byzantine and Eastern Orthodox architectural traditions.
• Played a pivotal role in influencing Eastern Christian ecclesiastical architecture.

Spiritual & National Symbolism:

• Considered a symbol of Ukraine’s spiritual heritage and statehood.
• A center for Orthodox Christianity and pilgrimage.
• Reflects Kyiv’s identity as part of the Eastern Slavic and Orthodox world.

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