12 September 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Five Years of Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana

Why in News?

• Launched: 10 September 2020 for 5 years (2020–21 to 2024–25).
• Extension: Now extended till 2025–26.

About PMMSY

• Ministry: Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying.
• Nodal Agency: National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB) – training, awareness, and capacity building.
• Nature: Umbrella scheme with Central Sector + Centrally Sponsored components.
• Objective: Sustainable development of fisheries & aquaculture, value chain strengthening, formalization, women empowerment.

Key Achievements (2020–25)

• India: 2nd-largest fish producer globally, contributing ~8% of world production.
• 58 lakh livelihoods created.
• 99,018 women empowered through fisheries projects.

Strategic Initiatives

1. Women Empowerment

• Up to 60% financial assistance for women-oriented projects.
• Focus on climate-resilient coastal villages.

2. Technology Adoption

• Biofloc & Recirculatory Aquaculture Systems (RAS) scaled up → higher productivity with sustainability.

3. Formalization & Digitalization

• PM Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah Yojana (PM-MKSSY) – sub-scheme for formalization.
• National Fisheries Digital Platform (NFDP) – single-window benefit delivery.

4. Climate Resilience

• Development of 100 Climate Resilient Coastal Fishermen Villages (CRCFV).

UN Report: Record Military Spending Threatens Peace & Development

Why in News?

• Report Released by: UN Secretary-General.
• Title: “The Security We Need: Rebalancing Military Spending for a Sustainable and Peaceful Future” (2025).

Key Findings

1. Global Military Spending:

• Reached $2.7 trillion (2024).
• Projected to hit $6.6 trillion by 2035 if unchecked.
• Share of world GDP: 2.2% (2022) → 2.5% (2025).
• Share of government budgets: 6.6% → 7.1%.
• Top spenders: USA, China, India, Russia, EU → account for 70%+.

2. Financing Imbalance:

• SDG financing gap = $4 trillion annually.
• Development funding lags behind rising arms spending.

3. Negative Impacts:

• Fuels geopolitical tensions & arms races.
• Crowds out funds for poverty, health, education, climate goals.
• Adds to public debt, hitting fragile and poor states hardest.

UN Recommendations

• Shift focus to diplomacy & peaceful dispute resolution.
• Integrate military spending into disarmament talks.
• Improve transparency & accountability in defense budgets.
• Boost multilateral financing for SDGs.
• Adopt human-centred security → prioritize development, resilience, peace.

China’s Curbs on Rare Earth Magnet Exports: Impact on Indian Automakers

Why in News?

• China restricted exports of Rare Earth Magnets (REMs) (Sept 2025).
• Likely to raise automobile prices in India, especially EVs, as REMs are critical for motors.

About Rare Earth Magnets (REMs)

1. Nature:

• Strongest type of permanent magnets.

2. Composition:

• Alloys of neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium.

3. Applications:

• EVs (motors, batteries)
• Renewable energy (wind turbines, solar)
• Defence systems (missiles, radars, stealth tech)

Challenges for India

1. Supply Chain Concentration:

• China: 70% mining share, 90% production capacity.
• High global dependency.

2. Domestic Gap:

• India: 5th-largest reserves, but no manufacturing capacity.
• Imports nearly all REM needs.

3. PLI Scheme Impact:

• Automakers importing complete parts instead of REMs → lower domestic value addition.
• May lose eligibility for PLI incentives.

4. Supply Chain Risks:

• Establishing REM supply chain needs 3–4 years, heavy capital + tech expertise.

Initiatives Taken

• National Critical Mineral Mission: For self-reliance, recycling, and secure supply chains.
• IREL (India Rare Earths Ltd.): Engaging with Japanese & Korean firms to set up commercial REM production in India.

India - Mauritius Relations

Why in News?

During his state visit to India (Sept 2025), the Prime Minister of Mauritius hailed India as a “time-tested and trusted partner”.

Dimensions of Bilateral Ties

1. Economic:

• India is one of Mauritius’ leading trading partners.
• Exports from India: pharmaceuticals, cotton, cereals, motor vehicles, mineral fuels.
• FDI Link: Mauritius is a major source of FDI to India – ~25% of cumulative inflows since 2000.
• Indian companies invested $200 million+ in Mauritius in last 5 years.

2. Development Partnership:

• India’s Special Economic Package & Line of Credit supported key projects: Metro Express, Supreme Court building, Social Housing projects.
• India = First Responder: Supported Mauritius during COVID-19 & Wakashio oil spill.

3. Cultural:

• ~70% population of Indian origin (descendants of Girmitiyas).
• First indentured labourers (from Puducherry) arrived in 1729.
• Shared festivals, language (Hindi, Bhojpuri, Tamil), and traditions sustain cultural links.

4. Strategic & Geopolitical Significance:

• Mauritius’ location in Western Indian Ocean = vital for India’s maritime security.
• Key to MAHASAGAR Vision (Maritime cooperation) and Neighbourhood First policy.
• Serves as gateway for India’s trade & investment in Africa.

Discovery of Large Offshore Aquifer under the Atlantic Ocean

Why in News?

• Scientists confirmed (Sept 2025) a massive offshore aquifer beneath the Atlantic Ocean.

What are Offshore Aquifers?

• Definition: Bodies of rock/sediment containing freshwater beneath the seafloor, similar to land aquifers.
• Global Occurrence: Found off coasts of Australia, China, North America, South Africa.

Key Features

• Extent: Can extend up to 90 km offshore.
• Volume: Estimated ~1 million km³ freshwater (≈ 10% of terrestrial groundwater).
• Preservation: A cap rock (clay-rich sediment) prevents freshwater from mixing with seawater.

Formation Theories

• Ice Age Hypothesis → Rainwater seeped into land areas later submerged under ocean.
• Connection Hypothesis → Linked to onshore aquifers, replenished via rainfall.

Significance

• Water Security: Huge potential for water-stressed regions.
• Climate Adaptation: Buffer against droughts, erratic rainfall (climate change impact).
• Global Relevance: UN (2023) → Freshwater demand to exceed supply by 40% by 2030.

Adi Sanskriti

Why in News?

The Ministry of Tribal Affairs launched the beta version of Adi Sanskriti, envisioned as the world’s first Digital Learning Platform for Tribal Artforms.

Key Components

1. Adi Vishwavidyalaya (Digital Tribal Art Academy):

• Offers 45 immersive courses on tribal: Dance, Painting, Crafts, Music, Folklore

2. Adi Sampada (Socio-Cultural Repository):

• 5,000+ curated documents across 5 themes: Paintings, Dance, Clothing & Textiles, Artefacts, Livelihood practices

3. Adi Haat (Online Marketplace):

• Currently linked with TRIFED.
• Will evolve into a dedicated e-marketplace for tribal artisans.
• Aims to promote sustainable livelihoods and enable direct consumer access.

Small Satellite Launch Vehicle

Why in News?

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has signed an agreement with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the transfer of technology related to Small Satellite Launch Vehicles (SSLVs). This marks a step towards expanding private sector participation in India’s space ecosystem.

Key Highlights of SSLV

1. Purpose & Design:

• Aimed at providing quick turnaround and on-demand launches.
• Optimized for scalability and industrial production.

2. Technical Features:

• Three Solid Propulsion Stages ensure reliable thrust.
• Velocity Trimming Module (VTM) powered by liquid propulsion serves as the terminal stage for precision injection.

3. Payload Capacity:

• Capable of launching satellites weighing up to 500 kg.
• Specifically designed for Lower Earth Orbit (LEO) missions.

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