13 June 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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India Reduces Basic Customs Duty (BCD) on Crude Edible Oils

Overview:

1. BCD cut from 20% to 10% on major imported crude edible oils.

2. Objective:

• Curb rising edible oil prices in domestic markets.
• Support and revitalize domestic refining industries by making crude imports cheaper for refining locally.

Edible Oils Scenario in India:

1. What are Edible Oils?

• Primarily vegetable oils extracted from seeds or fruits, refined through processes like neutralization, bleaching, deodorization to make them fit for human consumption.

2. Major Oilseed Crops in India (9 Key Types):

• Groundnut, Rapeseed-Mustard, Soybean, Sunflower, Sesame, Safflower, Nigerseed, Castor, Linseed

3. Production & Consumption Stats:

a. India accounts for:

• 15-20% of global oilseed cultivation area.
• 6-7% of global vegetable oil production.
• 9-10% of global vegetable oil consumption.

b. Imports:

India is the world’s largest importer of edible oils, mainly to meet demand gaps.

• Palm oil constitutes 57% of imports.
• Soybean oil 29%.
• Sunflower oil 14%.

Government Initiatives to Boost Domestic Production:

Oilseed Production Breakdown:

• Soybean: 34% of total oilseeds production
• Rapeseed & Mustard: 31%
• Groundnut: 27%

(Together, these three contribute over 90% of oilseed production)

Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) – 9 Years of Clean Energy Access

Overview:

• Launched: 2016
• Ministry: Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG)
• Objective: To provide clean cooking fuel (LPG) to rural and deprived households, replacing traditional biomass fuels like wood, coal, and cow dung cakes.

Eligibility Criteria:

Beneficiaries include adult women from:

• SC/ST, MBC, AAY, SECC households
• PMAY (Gramin), Tea and ex-tea garden tribes
• Forest dwellers, Island/river island residents

Achievements (as of March 2025):

• 10.33 crore PMUY connections distributed.
• LPG distributor network expanded by 83%: From 13,896 (2014) to 25,481 (2024)
• Significant reduction in indoor air pollution, especially benefiting women’s health and time.

Significance:

1. Health Benefits:

• Reduces risk of respiratory illnesses linked to smoke from solid fuels.
• Addresses ~5 lakh annual deaths due to indoor air pollution (WHO estimate).

2. Empowerment & Socio-Economic Impact:

• Frees up women’s time from firewood collection.
• Enhances participation in economic and educational activities.

3. Environmental Impact:

• Decrease in deforestation and carbon emissions from burning biomass fuels.

India’s Social Security Coverage Jumps to 64.3%: ILO Report 2025

According to the International Labour Organization (ILO) ILOSTAT data, India’s social security coverage surged from 19% in 2015 to 64.3% in 2025, covering over 94 crore people. India ranks second globally in social security coverage.

What is Social Security?

1. Social security is societal protection ensuring access to healthcare and income security during contingencies like: Old age, Unemployment, Sickness, Invalidity, Maternity

2. Three Pillars of Social Protection

• Social Assistance: Direct support to vulnerable populations
• Social Insurance: Risk pooling for events like illness or retirement
• Labour Market Programs: Support for employment and self-reliance

Significance:

• Expansion reflects improved welfare outreach and digital governance (India was first to update 2025 data on ILOSTAT).
• Enhances financial and health security for millions, particularly vulnerable groups in the informal economy.
• Supports India’s goals under Sustainable Development Goal 1 (No Poverty) and Goal 3 (Good Health & Well-being).

Challenges:

• Ensuring adequate coverage for informal and migrant workers.
• Effective delivery and awareness of benefits at grassroots levels.
• Sustaining financial viability amid increasing beneficiaries.

Review of the State of World Marine Fishery Resources 2025

Released by: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

Key Highlights:

1. Deep-Sea Species Challenges:

Deep-sea fish species face unique sustainability challenges due to:

• Late sexual maturation
• Slow growth rates
• Long life expectancy
• Low natural mortality
• Infrequent spawning

These factors make deep-sea fish highly vulnerable to overexploitation.

2. Fishery Stock Status:

• Only 29% of deep-sea fish stocks are sustainably fished.
• Globally, 64.5% of all fishery stocks are within sustainable exploitation levels.
• 35.5% of fish stocks are overfished, highlighting a significant risk to marine biodiversity and fishery-dependent communities.

3. Shark Stocks:

• More than 50% of highly migratory shark stocks are unsustainable.
• Among 23 assessed shark stocks, 43.5% are overfished.

Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing:

IUU fishing includes a range of unlawful fishing activities both within national jurisdictions and on the high seas:

• Illegal fishing: Fishing without permission or violating laws in national waters.
• Unreported fishing: Fishing activities that are not reported or are misreported to authorities.
• Unregulated fishing: Fishing by vessels without nationality or by non-members of regional fisheries organizations, violating conservation measures.

WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies:

Agreement enforces three critical prohibitions aimed at combating overfishing and IUU fishing:

• Ban on subsidies to vessels/operators engaged in IUU fishing.
• Prohibition of subsidies for fishing overfished stocks unless rebuilding plans exist.
• Ban on subsidies for fishing outside coastal state jurisdiction and beyond oversight by regional fisheries management organizations.

Significance:

• The report underscores the urgent need for sustainable management of marine resources, particularly deep-sea and shark species.
• It highlights the critical role of international cooperation and regulation, like the WTO fisheries subsidies agreement, to curb illegal practices and promote stock recovery.
• The findings are crucial for global food security, marine biodiversity conservation, and climate resilience.

Challenges:

• Enforcement of regulations against IUU fishing, especially in the high seas.
• Implementing effective stock rebuilding measures.
• Balancing economic interests with conservation priorities.

Lokpal of India

Motto:

• “Empower Citizens, Expose Corruption” (Adopted by the Full Bench of Lokpal)

Lokpal:

• Established under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013.
• Mandate: Investigate allegations of corruption against public functionaries, including the Prime Minister.
• Applies to public servants within India and abroad.
• Consists of a Chairperson and eight Members.
• Members and Chairperson must not:

- Be a Member of Parliament or State Legislature.
- Have any criminal conviction.
- Be under 45 years of age.

• Chairperson qualifications:

- Chief Justice of India (CJI), or
- A Supreme Court Judge, or
- An eminent person of integrity.

• Term of office: 5 years or until the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier.

Schengen Area

Composition: 29 countries

• 25 European Union (EU) Member States
• 4 non-EU countries: Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, Liechtenstein

Key Features:

• Allows free movement of people by abolishing internal border checks between member countries.
• Enhances cooperation among member states on issues like policing, visas, and asylum.
• Facilitates greater economic integration and competitiveness.

Economic Significance:

• Boosts the Single Market by enabling smooth trade and movement for over 32 million businesses across Europe.

Exercise Khaan Quest

Indian contingent is participating in the 22nd Khaan Quest scheduled in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (14–28 June 2025).

A multinational military exercise focused on UN peacekeeping operations.

Origin:

• Initiated as a bilateral exercise between the United States and Mongolia in 2003.
• Evolved into a multilateral exercise from 2006 onwards.

Objective:

• To train participating armed forces, including the Indian Army, for peacekeeping missions under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter.

Significance of Chapter VII (UN Charter):

• It authorizes the UN Security Council to take action with respect to threats to peace, breaches of peace, and acts of aggression, including military intervention.

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