18 June 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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1st Assembly of the International Big Cat Alliance

The inaugural assembly of the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) took place in New Delhi, where India’s Environment Minister, Shri Bhupender Yadav, was unanimously endorsed as the President of IBCA.

What is IBCA?

• Launched: April 2023 (marking 50 years of India’s Project Tiger)
• Headquarters & Secretariat: India
• Members: 95 countries (includes both big cat range and non-range nations)
• Governing Body: IBCA Assembly (meets at least once every two years)

Founding Member Nations (16): Armenia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ecuador, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Nigeria, Peru, Suriname, Uganda

Objectives of IBCA:

• Promote global cooperation for big cat conservation.
• Facilitate knowledge exchange, research partnerships, and policy alignment.
• Act as a common platform for sharing successful conservation models.
• Strengthen enforcement of wildlife protection laws across borders.

Why Big Cat Conservation Matters:

• Ecological Balance: Big cats are keystone species - their presence ensures stability in the food chain and supports overall ecosystem health.
• Climate Resilience: Preserving their habitats protects forests, water bodies, and carbon sinks, helping mitigate climate change.
• Economic Value: Boosts eco-tourism, supports rural employment, and encourages sustainable livelihoods for communities living near protected areas.

113th International Labour Conference

Held in: Geneva, Switzerland

Organiser: International Labour Organization

Nature: Annual global meeting of ILO's tripartite constituents - governments, employers, and workers.

Major Outcomes of the 113th ILC:

1. Adoption of the Biological Hazards Convention, 2025 (Convention No. 192):

• Significance: First-ever global treaty focused solely on biological risks in workplaces (e.g., viruses, bacteria, pathogens).
• Objective:

- Help countries create national policies on occupational health.
- Promote prevention, awareness, and safety measures for biological threats.

2. Amendment to Maritime Labour Convention (MLC), 2006:

• Key Provisions:

- Guaranteed shore leave for seafarers.
- Right to repatriation under humane conditions.
- Recognition of seafarers as essential/key workers, especially post-COVID.

• India’s Status: India ratified MLC in 2015.
• Importance: MLC is a binding legal framework ensuring decent work for people working at sea.

3. Platform Economy & Decent Work:

• First formal global-level discussion on regulating work conditions for gig and digital platform workers (like app-based delivery, transport, freelancing).
• Aims to establish labour protections, fair pay, and social security for workers in the digital economy.

4. Resolution to Reduce Informal Employment:

Encourages countries to:

• Promote formalisation of work.
• Extend social security, especially for low-income and informal sector workers.
• Create inclusive employment policies.

Global Coalition for Social Justice - 2nd Annual Forum:

1. Launched by ILO in 2023

2. Platform for global cooperation to promote social justice through:

• Coordinated policies,
• Cross-border partnerships, and
• Equitable labour practices.

3. 2025 World Summit on Social Development (Doha): ILO’s roadmap was approved for contribution to this summit.

SIPRI Yearbook 2025: Rise of a New Nuclear Arms Race

The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) has released its 2025 Yearbook, raising alarms over growing nuclear threats, modernisation, and stalled arms control efforts globally.

Key Highlights from SIPRI Report:

1. Global Nuclear Trends:

• Stockpile Decrease, Yet Rising Risks: Although the number of retired nuclear warheads remains higher than new deployments (a trend since the Cold War), there is renewed emphasis on modernisation and expansion.
• China Leads Expansion: China now possesses at least 600 nuclear warheads, showing the fastest growth among nuclear powers.
• India’s Status:

- India’s arsenal grew from 172 to 180 warheads, surpassing Pakistan (approx. 170 warheads).
- Focus remains on plutonium-based weapons, rather than highly enriched uranium.

• Universal Modernisation: All 9 nuclear-armed nations (US, Russia, UK, France, China, India, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea) are upgrading their nuclear delivery systems and warhead designs.

2. Fissile Material Use:

• Fissile Material is the core explosive ingredient (typically plutonium or highly enriched uranium - HEU).
• Production Trends:

- India & Israel: Primarily use plutonium.
- China & Pakistan: Produce both HEU and plutonium.

3. Emerging Nuclear Threats:

• Advanced Technologies as Risk Multipliers: AI, Cyber warfare, Quantum tech, Space-based systems, Missile Defence – all are making nuclear deterrence less predictable and more vulnerable to miscalculation.
• Crisis in Arms Control Framework: The New START Treaty (between the US and Russia) is valid until 2026, but no negotiations are underway for its extension or replacement. The lack of dialogue and rising geopolitical mistrust adds to nuclear instability.

Major Global Treaties & India's Position:

India’s Quantum Leap in Secure Communication: DRDO-IIT Delhi Collaboration

India has made a significant breakthrough in quantum technology as DRDO and IIT Delhi successfully demonstrated quantum entanglement-based free-space communication over a distance of ~1 km. This marks a vital step towards building a quantum-secure communication network.

About the Experiment:

• Conducted under: DRDO’s project on “Design and Development of Photonic Technologies for Free Space QKD (Quantum Key Distribution)”.
• Distance achieved: ~1 km via free-space optical link (no cables used).
• Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER): Maintained below 7%, indicating high accuracy and minimal interference.
• Previous milestone: ISRO had demonstrated 300m free-space QKD in 2021.

What is Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)?

QKD is a cutting-edge communication technology that uses the laws of quantum mechanics to share cryptographic keys securely.

How It Works:

• Quantum Entanglement: Two particles are so deeply linked that changes to one instantly affect the other, even over long distances.
• Quantum Cryptography: Uses quantum principles to detect eavesdropping-any interception disturbs the quantum state and alerts users.

Advantages of Entanglement-Based QKD:

Significance of the Development:

• Lays foundation for India’s future ‘Quantum Internet’.
• Boosts national cybersecurity with next-gen encryption standards.
• Strategic advantage in defence communication, secure satellite links, and space-tech.

Prime Minister of India Visits Cyprus After 23 Years

In 2025, the Indian Prime Minister paid an official visit to Cyprus, the first such visit in 23 years, marking a significant diplomatic milestone. The two countries signed a Joint Declaration on the Implementation of the Comprehensive Partnership.

Key Highlights of the Joint Declaration:

• Shared Global Vision: Both nations reaffirmed commitment to a rules-based international order, rooted in the UN Charter.
• Support on Cyprus Question: India reiterated support for a UN-facilitated, comprehensive, and lasting solution to the Cyprus issue.
• Condemnation of Terrorism: Cyprus strongly condemned cross-border terrorism, particularly the Pahalgam attack, expressing solidarity with India.
• Honour Conferred: The PM of India was awarded Cyprus’ highest civilian award, the Grand Cross of the Order of Makarios III.

Significance of Cyprus for India:

1. Geostrategic Importance

• Countering Turkey-Pakistan Axis: Cyprus strengthens India's position against the growing Turkey-Pakistan alliance, especially on the Kashmir issue.
• Energy & Connectivity: Cyprus plays a role in the India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC), a strategic connectivity and energy route.

2. Economic Relevance

• Major FDI Contributor: Cyprus is among the top 10 FDI sources for India, investing $14.65 billion (2000–2025).

3. Diplomatic Leverage

• EU Presidency in 2026: Cyprus will hold the rotating presidency of the EU Council, positioning it as a key supporter of India’s voice in EU.
• Global Forums: Cyprus supports India’s bid for a permanent UNSC seat, membership in the NSG, and other multilateral platforms.

The Cyprus Question:

1. Background: Independent from Britain in 1960, Cyprus has been divided since 1974 into:

• Republic of Cyprus (internationally recognised)
• Turkish-occupied Northern Cyprus (recognised only by Turkey)

2. India’s Position: Supports a bi-zonal, bi-communal federation in line with UN Resolutions.

Dharti Aaba Janbhagidari Abhiyan

The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has launched India’s largest tribal empowerment campaign-Dharti Aaba Janbhagidari Abhiyan-as part of the Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh celebrations.

What is It?

• A nationwide campaign to ensure benefit saturation and last-mile delivery of government schemes to tribal communities through village-level camps.

Objectives:

• Universal Access to key entitlements and government services.
• Promote Janbhagidari (people's participation) in governance.
• Ensure last-mile delivery in remote tribal habitations.

Key Features:

1. Conducted at village and habitation level.

2. Includes services like:

• Aadhaar card enrolment & updates
• Access to welfare schemes
• Health, education, housing, and livelihood services

Under the Umbrella of:

• PM-JANMAN (Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan)
• Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan
• Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh (honouring tribal heroes like Birsa Munda)

Significance:

• Aims at dignified tribal empowerment.
• Promotes inclusive development and tribal welfare.
• Strengthens grassroots governance in Scheduled Areas.

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