2 September 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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India–China Bilateral Meeting on the Sidelines of SCO Summit

Why in News

On the sidelines of the SCO Summit (01 September 2025), the Prime Minister of India held a bilateral meeting with the Chinese President, signaling a renewed commitment to reset and stabilize bilateral ties amidst global trade frictions and regional challenges.

Outstanding Issues in India–China Relations

• Unresolved Border Disputes – including friction points along the LAC.
• Trade Imbalances – large and widening trade deficit in India’s favor.
• China–Pakistan Nexus – strategic and military cooperation challenging India’s interests.
• Strategic Encirclement – through China’s “String of Pearls” strategy in the Indian Ocean Region.

Key Outcomes of the Meeting

1. Partnership & Stability

• Leaders reaffirmed that India and China are development partners, not rivals.
• Emphasis on ensuring differences do not escalate into disputes.
• Stability based on mutual respect, interests, and sensitivities seen as crucial for a multipolar Asia and world.

2. Border Peace & Resolution

• Commitment to a fair, reasonable, and mutually acceptable solution to the boundary issue.
• Guided by the broader framework of bilateral ties and long-term interests of both peoples.

3. Strengthening People-to-People (P2P) Ties

• Steps to enhance direct connectivity (flights) and visa facilitation.
• Building on the resumption of Kailash Manasarovar Yatra and tourist visas.

4. Economic & Trade Relations

• Need for a political and strategic approach to expand trade and investments.
• Joint efforts to address and reduce the trade deficit.

Revised Norms on Tree Plantation-Based Green Credits

Why in News

The Government has issued revised norms under the Green Credit Rules, 2023, shifting the focus from the earlier benchmark of trees planted per hectare to growth and survival of trees as the primary measure of green credits.

Key Highlights of Revised Norms

1. Green Credit Claim:

• Allowed only after 5 years of restoration on degraded forest land.
• Minimum requirement: 40% canopy density achieved.

2. Calculation of Credits:

• 1 Green Credit = 1 new tree (over 5 years old).

3. Transferability:

• Credits are non-tradable and non-transferable, except between a company and its subsidiaries.

4. Usage of Credits:

• Can be exchanged once for:
  - Compensatory afforestation obligations.
  - CSR obligations.
  - Project-specific legal plantation requirements.
• No reuse once exchanged.

What are Green Credits (GCs)?

Definition: A form of environmental reward, representing positive ecological actions taken by entities under the Green Credit Program (GCP).

About Green Credit Program (GCP), 2023

• Launched by: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
• Legal Basis: Under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
• Objective: To incentivize voluntary plantation and restoration activities through a market-linked mechanism.

Key Features

• Land Bank Creation: Forest departments register degraded forest lands for restoration.
• Wider Participation: Open to government agencies, NGOs, corporates, and private entities.
• Incentivisation Mechanism: Green Credits issued as rewards for successful plantation efforts.

DigiLocker: Pan-India Integration of e-Government Services

Why in News

The National e-Governance Division (NeGD) has successfully enabled Pan-India integration of nearly 2000 e-Government services on DigiLocker and e-District platforms.

About NeGD

• Status: A Section 8 not-for-profit company.
• Placement: Independent Business Division under the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY).
• Mandate: Driving digital transformation through citizen-centric e-governance services.

About DigiLocker

1. Nature:

• Flagship initiative of MeitY aimed at digital empowerment of citizens.

2. Purpose:

• Provides authentic digital documents accessible anytime, anywhere.

3. Legal Standing:

• Documents issued through DigiLocker are legally equivalent to physical originals.
• Backed by IT Rules, 2016 (Preservation and Retention of Information by Intermediaries providing Digital Locker facilities).

Key Benefits

1. For Citizens:

• Anytime, anywhere access to documents.
• Faster service delivery.

2. For Agencies:

• Reduced administrative burden.
• Secure, real-time document verification and exchange.

Draft Indian Insurance Companies (Foreign Investment) Amendment Rules, 2025

Why in News

The Government has released the draft Indian Insurance Companies (Foreign Investment) Amendment Rules, 2025, proposing a major reform in the foreign investment cap in the insurance sector.

About the Draft Rules

• Issued by: Ministry of Finance (Department of Financial Services).
• Legal Basis: Exercising powers under the Insurance Act, 1938.

Key Provisions

1. FDI Limit Enhanced:

• Proposal to raise Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) cap to 100%, up from the current 74%.
• Change is subject to parliamentary approval.

2. Investment Route:

• FDI allowed via the automatic route.
• Regulatory oversight by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI).

3. Objective:

• Unlock the growth potential of the insurance sector.
• Support the sector’s projected 7.1% annual growth rate.
• Attract long-term global capital, strengthen financial resilience, and enhance insurance penetration in India.

Mercator’s Map & the ‘Correct the Map’ Campaign

Why in News

The African Union has endorsed the ‘Correct the Map’ campaign, which seeks to replace the Mercator projection with more accurate alternatives such as the Equal Earth map.

About Mercator’s Map

1. Origin & Purpose:

• Created in 1569 by Gerardus Mercator, a Flemish cartographer.
• Designed to aid navigation, as it represents rhumb lines (constant compass bearings) as straight lines.

2. Characteristics:

• A conformal projection that preserves local angles and shapes.
• Achieves this by stretching the north-south scale.

3. Major Distortions:

• Greatly exaggerates areas near the poles and compresses those near the equator.
• Example: Africa vs. Greenland → Africa appears nearly the same size as Greenland, though it is actually 14 times larger.

Ramon Magsaysay Award 2025: First Indian NGO Wins

Why in News

Educate Girls, a non-profit organisation working for girls’ education in India, has become the first Indian organisation to receive the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 2025.

About the Ramon Magsaysay Award

• Established: 1957, in memory of Ramon Magsaysay, the seventh President of the Philippines.
• First Conferred: 1958.
• Prestige: Regarded as Asia’s highest honour, often described as the Asian equivalent of the Nobel Prize.
• Frequency: Awarded annually.

Purpose and Recognition

1. Celebrates selfless service, integrity, and transformative leadership in Asia.

2. Recognises individuals and organisations (irrespective of race, gender, creed, or nationality) who:

• Achieve exceptional distinction in their field.
• Serve humanity generously without seeking recognition.

Multi-Lane Free Flow (MLFF) Tolling System

Why in News

The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has signed an agreement to implement India’s first Multi-Lane Free Flow (MLFF) Tolling System in Gujarat.

About MLFF

1. Definition:

A barrier-less tolling system enabling seamless transactions using:

• FASTag (via RFID Readers)
• Vehicle Registration Number (VRN) (via high-performance cameras).

2. Launched by:

• Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH).

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