20 June 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Prime Minister of India Visits Cyprus

First Indian PM Visit to Cyprus in Over Two Decades Aims to Boost Diplomatic and Economic Relations.

India – Canada Relations: Path to Restoration

1. Recent Development

a. Meeting at G7 Summit (June 2025):

• Indian and Canadian Prime Ministers met on the sidelines of the G7 Summit.

b. Outcome:

• Agreement to restore High Commissioners.
• Seen as the first calibrated step toward stabilizing strained ties.

2. Core Pillars of India-Canada Relations

a. Shared Democratic Values:

• Democracy, multiculturalism, and deep people-to-people ties.

b. Economic Ties:

• India’s exports to Canada (2023): USD 7.53 billion
• Canada’s exports to India (2023): CAD 5.12 billion

c. Consular Cooperation:

• Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (1994)
• Extradition Treaty (1987)

d. Science & Technology Collaboration:

• Arctic research, sustainable fuels, and satellite cooperation.
• 2018: ISRO launched Canada’s first LEO satellite via PSLV’s 100th mission.

e. Civil Nuclear Cooperation:

• Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (2010); operational since 2013.

3. Strategic Cooperation

• Indo-Pacific: Reaffirmed commitment to a free and open Indo-Pacific.
• Clean Energy & Education: Agreed to enhance collaboration in clean energy, education, and supply chain resilience.
• Trade Talks: Mutual interest in resuming trade negotiations.

Reasons for Diplomatic Fallout (2024)

1. Khalistani Extremism:

• Canada has been accused of harboring separatist elements threatening Indian sovereignty.
• Example: Unofficial referendum for an independent Khalistan in 2023.

2. Diplomatic Crisis:

Following the killing of a Sikh separatist leader in Canada, accusations flew.

• Canada alleged Indian involvement.
• Led to mutual expulsion of diplomats in October 2024.

3. Security Cooperation Deficit:

• Canada failed to act on several Indian extradition requests for wanted terrorists.

Bihar: First State to Adopt E-Voting for Urban Polls

Bihar to Launch India’s First Mobile App-Based E-Voting for Urban Polls in June 2025, Pioneering Electoral Modernization.

Key Features of Bihar’s E-Voting System

1. Mobile App-Based Voting:

• Two Android apps: Developed by C-DAC and Bihar State Election Commission.
• App Name: “e-Voting SECBHR”

2. Security Mechanisms:

• Blockchain technology for tamper-proof data.
• Facial recognition & liveness detection to verify voter identity.

3. Audit Trail:

• Similar to VVPAT with EVMs.
• Ensures traceability and transparency.

Significance

• Improved Accessibility: Beneficial for migrant workers, PWDs, and those in remote locations.
• Youth Participation: Encourages tech-savvy and first-time voters.
• Higher Turnout: Reduces logistical and time barriers, improving participation.

Challenges & Concerns

• Cybersecurity Risks: Susceptible to hacking, manipulation, or technical failure.
• Voter Privacy & Coercion: Hard to ensure secrecy in home environments.
• Digital Divide: Could exclude voters lacking smartphones or digital literacy.

Maharashtra: Hindi as Third Language in Schools

Maharashtra Govt Issues GR Mandating Hindi as Third Language in Marathi and English Medium Schools for Classes 1–5, aligned with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

Key Provisions

• Mandatory Hindi for Classes 1 to 5 (Marathi/English medium schools).
• Opt-out Clause: If 20 students per grade opt for another Indian language, they can study that instead of Hindi.

Three Language Formula

Need & Significance

• Article 350A: Facilities for primary education in mother tongue (esp. for linguistic minorities).
• Article 351: Directive for development of Hindi.
• Promotes: Multilingualism, Cognitive development, National integration

Challenges

• Political Sensitivities: Risk of protests over linguistic identity (e.g., Marathi pride movements).
• Imposition vs Choice: Perception of Hindi being imposed in non-Hindi speaking states.
• Burden on Students: Additional load in an education system still addressing basic literacy.
• Implementation Gaps: Shortage of trained teachers and resources, especially in tribal/remote areas.

Performance Grading Index 2.0: 2022–23 & 2023–24

What is PGI?

• A composite index that evaluates the performance of school education systems across States/UTs.
• Uses data from: UDISE+, National Achievement Survey (NAS), PM-POSHAN, PRABAND, and Vidyanjali Portals.

About PGI 2.0

Key Findings

• No State/UT attained the top four grades: Daksh, Utkarsh, Atti-Uttam, Uttam.
• Top Performer: Chandigarh – the only one in Prachesta-1.
• Lowest Performer: Meghalaya – placed in Akanshi-3 (tenth grade).
• Improvements: 24 States/UTs improved scores in 2023–24 vs. 2022–23.
• Declines: 12 States/UTs (e.g., Bihar, Jharkhand, Karnataka) showed score drops.

Significance of PGI

• Identifies strengths and gaps in school education systems.
• Encourages evidence-based policymaking and targeted interventions by States/UTs.
• Promotes competitive federalism and accountability in public education.

INS Arnala Commissioned

About INS Arnala

Key Features

1. Length:

• 77 meters – largest Indian naval ship to use a Diesel Engine-Waterjet propulsion system.

2. Capabilities:

• Sub-Surface Surveillance
• Anti-Submarine Interdiction
• Search and Rescue (SAR)
• Low-Intensity Maritime Operations (LIMO)

Indigenous Achievement

• Designed by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE).
• A major step under Atmanirbhar Bharat in defense manufacturing.

Operation Sindhu

Context

• Launched by India to evacuate Indian nationals amid rising tensions between Iran and Israel.

Evacuation Details

• 110 Indian nationals successfully evacuated.
• Evacuation aided by cooperation from Iran and Armenia.

Route & Challenges

• Due to Iranian airspace closure, evacuation used a land route:
• From Northern Iran to Yerevan, Armenia via the Nurduz-Agarak border crossing.

Diplomatic Context

• India maintains friendly relations with Iran’s neighbors Turkmenistan and Iraq.
• Relations with Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Pakistan worsened during the operation.
• India lacks diplomatic ties with the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, another Iran neighbor.

Significance

• Demonstrates India’s ability to coordinate complex evacuation in hostile geopolitical conditions.
• Highlights India’s diplomatic balancing act in West Asia and Eurasia.

Croatia

The Prime Minister of India recently visited Croatia, marking an important step in strengthening bilateral relations.

Capital: Zagreb

Location & Geography

• Situated in South Eastern Europe on the Balkan Peninsula.
• Has a long coastline along the Adriatic Sea.

Neighbours

• Borders 5 countries: Hungary (North), Montenegro (South), Slovenia (West), Serbia (East), Bosnia and Herzegovina (East)

Political Affiliations

• Member of the European Union (EU).
• Member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

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