23 September 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 23 September 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams. 

Ministry of Commerce & Industry Unveils Key Initiatives to Transform India’s Logistics Sector

Why in News

The Ministry of Commerce and Industry has recently launched a series of initiatives aimed at strengthening India’s logistics ecosystem. These measures focus on reducing logistics costs, improving efficiency, and enhancing real-time tracking and performance assessment across the country’s supply chain network.

Key Initiatives

1. Assessment of Logistics Cost in India Report

a. Prepared by:

• National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER)

b. Findings:

• Logistics costs in India were estimated at 7.97% of GDP in FY 2023-24.
• Total logistics expenditure stood at approximately ₹24.01 lakh crore, with road transport accounting for the largest share (41.7%), followed by storage and warehousing.

2. Integrated State and City Logistics Plans (ISCLP)

a. Program:

• SMILE – Strengthening Multimodal and Integrated Logistics Ecosystem

b. Collaboration:

• Asian Development Bank (ADB)

c. Objective:

• Establish a robust policy framework to enhance logistics efficiency.
• Assess existing infrastructure, identify gaps, and chart a roadmap for improvement.

d. Scope:

• Initial rollout across eight cities in eight states.

3. Logistics Data Bank (LDB) 2.0

a. Developer:

• National Industrial Corridor Development Programme (NICDC) Logistics Data Services (NLDSL)

b. Features:

• Real-time tracking of container movements.
• Export container tracking on high seas.
• Multi-modal shipment visibility to improve transparency and operational efficiency.

4. Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS) 2025

a. Framework:

• Modeled on the World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index.

b. Purpose:

• Evaluate logistics performance across States and Union Territories.

c. New Features in 2025 Edition:

• Corridor Performance Assessment: Evaluates 5–7 key corridors based on journey time, truck speed, and waiting periods.
• API-Enabled Monitoring: Section-wise speed evaluation on major road corridors for enhanced tracking.

Ministry of Finance Grants Infrastructure Status to Large Ships

Why in News

The Ministry of Finance has included large ships under the ‘Transport and Logistics’ category in India’s Infrastructure Harmonized Master List (HML). This move is designed to bolster domestic shipbuilding, reduce foreign dependence, and strengthen the maritime sector.

Key Details

1. Definition of Large Ships

Commercial Vessels under Indian Ownership and Flag:

• Gross Tonnage (GT) ≥ 10,000, or
• GT ≥ 1,500 if built in India.

2. Significance of Inclusion in HML

• Easier access to infrastructure lending with favorable terms.
• Eligibility for larger external commercial borrowings (ECB).
• Access to viability gap funding and tax incentives.
• Facilitates investment and expansion of the domestic shipping and shipbuilding industry.

3. Current Status of India’s Shipping Sector

a. Foreign Dependence:

• 95% of India’s trade relies on foreign shipping; annual payments of $75 billion to foreign companies.

b. Shipbuilding Share:

• India contributes only 0.06% to global shipbuilding.

c. Government Target:

• Become one of the top five shipbuilding nations by 2047.
• Under Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047, an estimated ₹54 trillion investment is planned to develop indigenous shipping and shipbuilding capabilities.

d. Challenges:

• High borrowing costs and capital constraints.
• Ageing fleet.
• Tax-related anomalies.
• Skill gaps in the workforce.

4. Planned Initiatives to Strengthen the Sector

• Bharat Container Shipping Line: Established under the Shipping Corporation of India (SCI).
• Coastal Green Shipping Corridor: First corridor to be developed is Kandla-Tuticorin.
• Sagarmala Startup & Innovation Initiative (S2I2): Promotes maritime startups and innovation.
• Maritime Innovation Hubs (MIHs): Established to drive R&D, technology adoption, and capacity building.

United Kingdom, Canada, Portugal, and Australia Recognize Palestinian State

Why in News

The United Kingdom, Canada, Portugal, and Australia have formally recognized Palestine as a state, joining over 140 UN member states in this acknowledgment. This development comes amid ongoing global efforts to implement the Two-State Solution in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Key Details

1. India’s Position

• Recognition: India recognized Palestine as a state in 1988.
• Recent Action: India voted in favor of a UN General Assembly resolution endorsing the ‘New York Declaration’, which supports a peaceful settlement and the implementation of the Two-State Solution.

2. Understanding State Recognition

a. Definition:

• Recognition is the process by which a state formally acknowledges another entity as a sovereign state.

b. Criteria (Montevideo Convention, 1933):

• Permanent population
• Defined territory
• Effective government
• Capacity to engage in relations with other states

3. Effects of State Recognition

• Enables the state to establish diplomatic relations with other nations.
• Grants the ability to enter into international treaties.
• Confers the rights and privileges associated with international statehood.
• Allows the state to seek membership in the United Nations.

Note: Palestine currently holds the status of a UN Permanent Observer State, not a full member.

4. Recognition by the United Nations

a. Authority:

• Recognition of a state or government is granted only by other sovereign states.

b. Role of the UN:

• The United Nations itself cannot recognize a state or government.
• It can admit a new state to membership or accept credentials from representatives of a new government.

World’s Largest Neutrino Detector Activated Underground in China

Why in News

China has activated the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), now recognized as the world’s largest neutrino detector. This milestone marks a significant advancement in the study of neutrinos, the elusive subatomic particles that play a crucial role in understanding the universe.

Key Details

1. JUNO Observatory Overview

a. Location:

• 700 meters underground in Jiangmen, China.

b. Reason for Underground Placement:

• The Earth’s crust shields the detector from most interfering particles like muons.
• Ensures accurate neutrino detection by minimizing background noise.

2. Main Objectives of JUNO

• Neutrino Mass Hierarchy: Determine the mass order among the three neutrino types: Electron, Muon, and Tau neutrinos.
• Oscillation Frequency: Measure how frequently neutrinos change from one type to another (neutrino oscillation).

3. About Neutrinos

a. Nature:

• Subatomic particles with zero electrical charge, negligible mass, and no size.

b. Abundance:

• Second most abundant particle after photons.
• Most abundant among known matter particles in the universe.

c. Detectability:

• Extremely difficult due to interactions only via weak nuclear force and gravity.

d. Unique Features:

• Not affected by strong magnetic fields.
• Travel in straight lines from their source.
• Move close to the speed of light.

4. Other Key Neutrino Observatories

a. India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO):

• Funded by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and Department of Science and Technology (DST).
• Located in Bodi West Hills, Theni District, Tamil Nadu.

b. IceCube Neutrino Observatory (Antarctica):

• The first detector of its kind to observe cosmic neutrinos deep within South Pole ice.

c. Others:

• TRIDENT (China): Tropical Deep-sea Neutrino Telescope.
• DUNE (USA): Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment.

India’s Manufacturing Exports Gain Momentum as Merchandise Trade Stabilizes

Why in News

India’s merchandise exports and manufacturing sector have shown robust growth in 2025, supported by strong industrial output, improved operating conditions, and targeted government policies. These developments signal increasing competitiveness in global markets and growing investor confidence.

Key Highlights

1. Merchandise Trade Performance

• Exports Growth: Merchandise exports increased 2.52%, reaching US$184.13 billion in April–August 2025, up from US$179.60 billion in the same period last year.

2. Manufacturing Sector Performance

• Industrial Output: Index of Industrial Production (IIP) rose 3.5% YoY in July 2025, driven primarily by 5.4% YoY growth in manufacturing.
• Operating Conditions: HSBC India Manufacturing PMI climbed to 59.3 in August 2025, marking the fastest growth in over 17 years.
• Investment Confidence: Manufacturing FDI accelerated by 18% in FY 2024-25, reflecting strong investor interest.

3. Engines of Manufacturing Growth

a. Electronics Sector:

• India is the second-largest mobile manufacturer globally.
• Mobile production has increased sixfold, with exports growing eightfold over the past 11 years.
• Import dependence for mobile phones dropped from 75% (2014-15) to 0.02% (2024-25).

b. Pharmaceuticals:

• India ranks third globally by volume.
• Supplies over 50% of global vaccine demand, earning the nickname “Pharmacy of the World”.

c. Automotive Sector:

• Contributes 7.1% to India’s GDP.
• India is the fourth-largest automobile producer worldwide.

d. Textiles:

• Second-largest employment sector after agriculture.
• Contributes 2.3% to GDP.
• Nearly 80% of capacity is concentrated in MSME clusters, supporting inclusive growth.

4. Government Initiatives Supporting Manufacturing

• Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: Incentivizes incremental production across 14 key sectors.
• National Manufacturing Mission (NMM): Long-term roadmap for industrial policy, announced in Union Budget 2025–26.
• Skill India Programme (2026): Focuses on technology-enabled, demand-driven workforce development.
• GST 2.0 Reforms: Simplifies tax structure and reduces manufacturing costs, enhancing export competitiveness.

Germany Deploys Fighter Jets After Russian Aircraft Enters Baltic Sea Airspace

Why in News

Germany recently deployed fighter jets in response to a Russian military aircraft entering Baltic Sea airspace, highlighting ongoing security and surveillance concerns in the region.

About the Baltic Sea

1. Location

• Part of the North Atlantic Ocean, stretching from southern Denmark to near the Arctic Circle.

2. Surrounding Countries

• Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Germany

3. Key Features

• Youngest sea on Earth.
• Largest expanse of brackish water globally; semi-enclosed and relatively shallow.
• Kiel Canal (Germany): Connects the Baltic Sea with the North Sea.
• Important gulfs include: Gulf of Bothnia, Gulf of Finland, Gulf of Gdańsk

Environment Ministry to Appraise Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project

Why in News

The Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change will evaluate the Sawalkote Project for the grant of environmental clearance, a crucial step before project implementation.

About the Sawalkote Project

1. Project Overview

• Type: Run-of-the-river hydroelectric project
• River: Chenab

2. Location

• Union Territory: Jammu & Kashmir
• Districts: Ramban and Udhampur

3. Implementing Agency

• National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC)
• Status: Mini Ratna Category-I Public Sector Enterprise under the Ministry of Power, Government of India

Dadasaheb Phalke Award 2023 Winner Announced

Why in News

The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting has announced the recipient of the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for 2023 (Mohanlal), India’s highest recognition in cinema.

About Dadasaheb Phalke Award

1. Purpose

• Conferred annually for lifetime contribution to Indian cinema.
• Recognizes outstanding achievements and legacy in the film industry.

2. Presentation

• Awarded by the President of India.
• Considered the most prestigious honor in Indian cinema.

3. Historical Background

• Instituted: 1969, to mark the birth centenary of Dadasaheb Phalke, regarded as the father of Indian cinema.
• First Recipient: Devika Rani

Union Ministry Launches Industrial Parks Rating System (IPRS) 3.0

Why in News

The Union Ministry of Commerce and Industry has launched IPRS 3.0, an upgraded framework to benchmark and rate industrial parks across India, promoting efficiency, sustainability, and global competitiveness.

About IPRS 3.0

1. Purpose

a. To assess and categorize industrial parks based on their performance.

b. Parks are classified as:

• Leaders
• Challengers
• Aspirers

2. Development and Collaboration

• Developed by: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)
• Support: Asian Development Bank (ADB)

3. Key Additions in Version 3.0

• Sustainability and Green Infrastructure
• Logistics Connectivity
• Digitalization
• Skill Linkages and Talent Feedback Mechanisms

Project Vijayak Marks 15th Raising Day at Kargil

Why in News

The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) celebrated the 15th Raising Day of Project Vijayak in Kargil, highlighting its critical role in road connectivity and strategic infrastructure development in Ladakh.

About Project Vijayak

1. Establishment and Purpose

• Raised in: 2010
• Mandate: Provide road connectivity in the Kargil and Zanskar regions, areas previously under Project Himank.
• Name Origin: Inspired by Operation Vijay (Kargil War, 1999).

2. Strategic Significance

• Strengthens security infrastructure along the Line of Control (LoC).
• Ensures enhanced mobility and logistical support for both civilians and defense forces in challenging mountainous terrain.

United States in Talks to Regain Control of Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan

Why in News

The United States is reportedly negotiating with Afghanistan to regain control of the Bagram Air Base, a strategically significant military facility in the country.

About Bagram Air Base

1. Location and Overview

• Largest air base in Afghanistan, situated north of Kabul.
• Originally constructed by the Soviet Union in the 1950s.

2. Historical Significance

• Served as a frontline during the conflict between the Taliban and Northern Alliance after Soviet withdrawal in the 1990s.
• Post-2001, became the center of US operations in the Afghanistan war on terror.

3. Recent Developments

• US and NATO troops withdrew in 2021, ending two decades of military presence.
• Current negotiations indicate a possible revival of US strategic presence in the region.

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