25 October 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 25 October 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

‘Future Farming in India: AI Playbook for Agriculture’ Released by Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (OPSA)

The Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (OPSA) has released a report titled ‘Future Farming in India: AI Playbook for Agriculture’, as part of the AI for India 2030 initiative led by the Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (C4IR) India in collaboration with the World Economic Forum (WEF).

About the Initiative

• Launched under: Guidance of OPSA and Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
• Objective: To establish frameworks that promote responsible, inclusive, and scalable AI integration in India’s digital economy.
• The playbook was released alongside two other publications focusing on the ethical and practical deployment of AI in India.

Key Highlights of the Report

1. Potential AI Use Cases in Agriculture:

• Intelligent Crop Planning: Utilizes data on soil health, weather patterns, historical prices, and trade trends to recommend optimal cropping patterns.
• Smart Farming Practices: Incorporates satellite-based crop monitoring, decision support systems, rapid soil analysis, pest prediction, hyperlocal weather updates, yield forecasting, and automated farm machinery.
• Farm-to-Fork Solutions: Focuses on quality assurance, traceability, supply chain optimization, agri-fintech adoption, market linkage, and price-demand forecasting.

2. Framework for AI Ecosystem in Agriculture:

The report introduces the Inclusive Multistakeholder Pathway for the Accelerated Convergence of AI Technologies (IMPACT AI) Framework, built on three core pillars:

a. Enable:

• Develop a national AI strategy for agriculture,
• Strengthen Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for AI,
• Promote AI education and capacity building.

b. Create:

• Foster innovation through AI product development,
• Establish AI sandboxes for experimentation.

c. Deliver:

• Empower frontline agricultural extension systems,
• Build an AI marketplace,
• Raise awareness among farmers on AI tools and benefits.

Challenges in AI Adoption in Indian Agriculture

• Limited Technological Awareness: Less than 20% of farmers currently use digital tools or AI-based solutions.
• Financial Constraints: Low farmer incomes restrict affordability and willingness to invest in AI technology.
• Land Fragmentation: Around 85% of India’s 150 million farmers are smallholders, with average holdings of 1.08 hectares, limiting scalability.
• Investment Gaps: AI adoption requires substantial infrastructure and R&D investment.
• Perceived Risk and Validation Issues: Lack of institutional mechanisms for technology validation and risk mitigation before deployment.

FAO Releases Global Forest Resources Assessment (GFRA) 2025

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has released the Global Forest Resources Assessment (GFRA) 2025 during the Global Forest Observations Initiative (GFOI) Plenary held in Bali, Indonesia.

About the Global Forest Resources Assessment (GFRA)

• Publisher: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
• Frequency: Released every five years.
• Purpose: Provides a comprehensive overview of the world’s forest resources, their conditions, management, and uses.
• Launched at: GFOI Plenary, a flagship programme of the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) — a global network of governments, academia, civil society, and private sector entities leveraging Earth Observation technologies.
• India’s Status: India is a member of GEO.

Key Findings of GFRA 2025

1. Global Forest Extent:

Forests cover 4.14 billion hectares, accounting for 32% of global land area.

Regional Distribution:

• Nearly half of global forests are in the tropical regions, followed by boreal, temperate, and subtropical zones.
• Europe has the largest forest area (25%) of the world’s total.

2. India’s Forest Extent:

• India has moved up one rank to 9th position globally in total forest area.
• India’s forests account for around 2% of global forest area.
• India ranks 5th globally in rubber plantation area.

3. Deforestation and Regeneration:

• Deforestation rate has slowed to 10.9 million ha per year (2015–2025), down from 17.6 million ha (1990–2000).
• Over 90% of the world’s forests are naturally regenerating, showing positive ecological recovery trends.

4. Carbon Stock:

Global forest carbon stocks have risen to 714 gigatonnes (Gt).

Distribution of Carbon Stock:

• Soil contains the largest share,
• followed by living biomass, and
• litter and deadwood.

5. Forest Disturbances:

• Subtropical regions: Forest fires remain the main disturbance.
• Temperate and boreal regions: Impacted by insect infestations, diseases, and extreme weather events.

Sevilla Forum on Debt Launched at UNCTAD-16

The Sevilla Forum on Debt has been launched during the 16th Session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD-16) to address the growing debt distress in developing countries.

About the Sevilla Forum on Debt

• Launched at: UNCTAD-16 (2025)
• Lead Institution: Spain
• Supported by: UNCTAD and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA).
• Objective: To provide a multi-stakeholder platform involving creditors, borrowers, international financial institutions, and academia to discuss debt sustainability, management, and innovative solutions for debt crises.

Context and Background

1. The forum is a major outcome of the Fourth International Conference on Financing for Development (FfD4).

2. It forms part of the broader Sevilla Platform for Action, which comprises four key outcomes:

• Sevilla Forum on Debt
• Debt Swaps for Development Hub
• Debt-for-Development Swap Programme
• Debt “Pause Clause” Alliance

Link to the Sevilla Commitment

• The Sevilla Commitment serves as a global action plan to close the $4 trillion annual financing gap required to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in developing countries.
• It is the first inter-governmentally agreed financing for development framework since the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (2015).

Global Debt Crisis - Key Facts

• Global Public Debt (2024): Reached $102 trillion, with developing countries accounting for $31 trillion.
• Debt Servicing Burden: Developing nations spend $1.4 trillion annually on debt repayments.
• Social Impact: Over 3.4 billion people live in countries that spend more on debt servicing than on health or education.

MeitY Proposes Amendments to IT Rules, 2021 to Regulate AI-Generated Content

The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has proposed amendments to the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 under the Information Technology Act, 2000, aiming to regulate AI-generated and deepfake content.

Key Proposed Amendments

1. Definition of Synthetically Generated Information:

• Refers to content that is artificially or algorithmically created, modified, or altered using computer resources.
• Such content is made to appear authentic or true, commonly known as AI-generated content or deepfakes.

2. Mandatory Declaration:

• Creators and uploaders of AI-generated or altered content must clearly label it as such before publication or upload.

3. Enhanced Responsibilities for Significant Social Media Intermediaries (SSMIs):

Platforms like Facebook, X (Twitter), Instagram, YouTube, etc., must:

• Obtain a user declaration confirming whether uploaded content is synthetically generated.
• Strengthen content moderation and disclosure practices for AI-generated material.

Rationale Behind the Amendments

• National Security Concerns: Deepfakes can be weaponized for propaganda, terrorist recruitment, or spreading disinformation by hostile entities.
• Misinformation and Electoral Manipulation: AI-generated media can distort facts, mislead voters, and influence democratic processes.
• Gender-Based Harassment: Deepfake technology is frequently misused to create non-consensual explicit content, disproportionately targeting women.
• Reputational Damage and Defamation: Fabricated videos or audio clips can malign individuals, public figures, or institutions, eroding public trust.
• Fraud, Impersonation, and Financial Crimes: Enables identity theft, phishing scams, and AI-driven social engineering attacks by mimicking real voices or appearances.

State of Global Air (SoGA) Report 2025

The State of Global Air (SoGA) 2025 Report was jointly released by the Health Effects Institute (HEI) and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), United States, highlighting the alarming health and environmental impacts of air pollution globally and in India.

Key Findings on India

1. Rising Mortality Linked to Air Pollution:

• Air pollution contributed to around 2 million deaths in India in 2023, accounting for over 52% of global pollution-related deaths.
• This marks a 43% increase since 2000, reflecting a persistent public health crisis.

2. High Population Exposure:

• Nearly 75% of India’s population continues to be exposed to PM2.5 concentrations exceeding WHO safety limits.
• Major sources include vehicular emissions, biomass burning, industrial pollution, and construction dust.

3. Ozone Pollution:

• India ranks as the third-highest country globally in terms of ozone exposure, affecting both human health and crop productivity.
• Ground-level ozone contributes to respiratory illnesses and cardiovascular complications.

4. Impact of Household Air Pollution and LPG Transition:

• The report highlights biomass fuel use for cooking as a significant contributor to indoor air pollution.
• Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) has been instrumental in promoting cleaner LPG use.
• Modelling studies suggest that full transition of PMUY households to exclusive LPG use could prevent over 1.5 lakh premature deaths annually.

UNEP Releases ‘An Eye on Methane: From Measurement to Momentum’ Report

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has released the fifth edition of its flagship publication - International Methane Emissions Observatory (IMEO): “An Eye on Methane – From Measurement to Momentum” - highlighting global methane trends and the urgent need for mitigation.

Key Highlights of the Report

1. Methane’s Role in Climate Change:

• Methane (CH₄) remains the second-largest contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide (CO₂).
• It accounts for nearly one-third of current global temperature rise.

2. High-Impact Greenhouse Gas:

• Methane is over 80 times more potent than CO₂ in trapping heat over a 20-year period.
• However, it is relatively short-lived, persisting for 7–12 years in the atmosphere, making it a key target for near-term climate action.

3. Major Anthropogenic Sources:

Around 60% of total methane emissions stem from human activities, primarily:

• Agriculture: Livestock enteric fermentation and paddy cultivation.
• Fossil Fuels: Leakage during oil, gas, and coal extraction and distribution.
• Waste: Emissions from landfills and wastewater treatment.

4. Natural Sources:

• Natural processes contribute the remaining ~40% of methane emissions.
• Wetlands are the largest natural emitters, followed by freshwater systems and geological seeps.

Government Amends VOPPA Order to Strengthen Edible Oil Sector Oversight

The Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution has amended the Vegetable Oil Products, Production and Availability (Regulation) Order, 2011 (VOPPA Order) to improve regulation and monitoring of the edible oil sector in India.

Key Highlights of the Amendment

• Mandatory Registration: All stakeholders involved in the edible oil processing chain must register under the amended order.
• Reporting Requirements: Stakeholders are required to submit monthly production and stock returns through a designated online portal, enhancing transparency and data availability.

Overview of India’s Edible Oil Sector

• Global Ranking: India is the fourth-largest market for edible vegetable oils after the United States, China, and Brazil.
• Production Share: Contributes about 5–6% of global oilseeds production.
• Import Dependency: Despite domestic production, India imports 57% of its edible oil demand, making it one of the largest importers globally.

Google Demonstrates ‘Quantum Echoes Algorithm’ on Willow Quantum Chip

Google’s Willow quantum chip has successfully executed the Quantum Echoes Algorithm, marking the first-ever verifiable quantum advantage on actual quantum hardware.

About the Quantum Echoes Algorithm

• Definition: A quantum algorithm that performs computations 13,000 times faster than one of the world’s most powerful supercomputers.
• Quantum Verifiability: Results are repeatable and confirmable, ensuring accuracy and reliability of quantum computations.

Working Principle

The technique functions like a highly advanced echo:

• A quantum signal is sent forward through qubits.
• One of the qubits is perturbed deliberately.
• The signal is reversed precisely, allowing researchers to observe the returning “echo”, which verifies the result.

Potential Applications

• Molecular Structure Analysis: Understanding complex molecular interactions.
• Drug Discovery: Rapid simulation of chemical compounds to accelerate pharmaceutical research.
• Material Science & Quantum Research: Enables breakthroughs in computational chemistry and physics.

INS Sahyadri Participates in JAIMEX-2025

INS Sahyadri, an indigenously built Shivalik-class Guided Missile Stealth Frigate, took part in the sea phase of the Japan-India Maritime Exercise (JAIMEX) 2025, strengthening bilateral maritime cooperation.

About JAIMEX

1. Nature of Exercise:

• Biennial naval exercise between India and Japan.

2. Objective:

• Enhances maritime interoperability, coordination, and security cooperation between the Indian Navy and the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF).

3. Structure of the Exercise:

• Sea Phase: Focuses on naval maneuvers, tactical drills, and operational coordination at sea.
• Harbour Phase: Includes professional exchanges, seminars, and familiarization tours at port facilities.

Iran Ratifies the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism

Iran has ratified the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (ICSFT), reinforcing global efforts to combat terrorist financing.

About the Convention

1. Adoption and Entry into Force:

• Adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1999.
• Entered into force in 2002.

2. Objective:

• Criminalizes the financing of terrorism.
• Holds individuals and entities accountable for providing funds to support terrorist activities.

3. India’s Position:

• India has ratified the convention, aligning with its commitment to international counter-terrorism frameworks.

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