25 September 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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Supreme Court Flags Anomalies in SARFAESI Act, Calls for Amendments

Why in News

• Supreme Court ruled that a borrower’s right to redeem mortgaged property ends once an auction notice is issued.
• The Court urged the Finance Ministry to amend the SARFAESI Act, 2002 to address legal inconsistencies and procedural challenges.

SARFAESI Act, 2002

1. Full Form:

• Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act.

2. Objective:

• Enables banks and financial institutions to recover non-performing assets (NPAs) without court intervention.

3. Scope:

• Allows lenders to seize and auction pledged properties (except agricultural land).
• Covers loans above ₹1 lakh secured by collateral.

Key Achievements

• Swift Recovery: Facilitated faster reclamation of liquidity for lenders.
• Framework Creation: Provided a structured mechanism for managing distressed assets.

Issues and Anomalies

1. Ambiguity in Section 13:

• Inconsistent interpretation between the Act and Rules, especially regarding borrower’s redemption rights.

2. Judicial & Procedural Delays:

• Despite bypassing courts, disputes often face delays in Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs).

3. Challenges in Asset Recovery:

• Practical hurdles in identifying, valuing, and liquidating collateral.
• Complications when assets are transferred to third parties.

4. Exclusion of Certain Borrowers:

• The Act does not cover unsecured loans or loans below ₹1 lakh.

5. Borrower Rights Concerns:

• Instances of misuse of powers by creditors, raising concerns of arbitrariness.

6. Institutional Inefficiency:

• DRTs and Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) often face backlog and limited effectiveness.

Way Forward

• Legislative Clarity: Amend Section 13 to remove inconsistencies and protect borrower rights.
• Rule Simplification: Ensure fair, transparent, and uniform procedures under SARFAESI Rules.
• Strengthening DRTs: Fast-track disposal of recovery cases with adequate infrastructure.
• Balanced Approach: Safeguard lender interests while preventing arbitrary use of powers against borrowers.

Opportunities for India in Light of USA’s $100,000 H-1B Visa Fee

Why in News

United States announced a $100,000 fee for H-1B visas, making it more expensive for skilled professionals to work in the U.S. This development highlights the strategic opportunity for India to strengthen its domestic innovation and technology ecosystem.

Potential Opportunities for India

1. Reversing Brain Drain:

• India has a large pool of STEM graduates and young professionals.
• The new visa costs may encourage skilled talent to contribute to domestic innovation rather than moving abroad.

2. Strengthening the Start-up Ecosystem:

• India ranks as the world’s 3rd largest start-up hub.
• Key sectors producing unicorns include fintech, ed-tech, and health-tech.

3. Policy and Government Support:

• Initiatives like Startup India, Digital India, Make in India, and Atal Innovation Mission promote entrepreneurship and technological development.

4. Cost and Market Advantage:

• Lower operational costs combined with a large domestic market attract both talent and private investment.

5. Leadership in Emerging Technologies:

• Expanding AI and digital technology investments can position India as a potential “Asian Silicon Valley.”

Key Challenges

• R&D and Skill Gaps: Low research expenditure (~0.7% of GDP) and gaps in higher education limit cutting-edge innovation.
• Infrastructure and Regulatory Hurdles: Inadequate infrastructure and complex regulations slow the pace of technological growth.
• Intellectual Property & Commercialization: Weak IP protection and limited translation of research into globally competitive products.
• Regional Cooperation Constraints: Political and regulatory differences hinder cross-border technological collaborations in South Asia.

Way Forward

1. India has the capability and opportunity to harness this moment by focusing on:

• Economic pragmatism in policy-making
• Investments in domestic innovation and tech ecosystems
• Talent retention and skill development

2. Strategic action can help India maximize domestic technological growth while reducing reliance on foreign employment avenues.

Visakhapatnam Declaration Adopted to Strengthen e-Governance in India

Why in News

• 28th National Conference on e-Governance adopted the Visakhapatnam Declaration.
• The Declaration emphasizes a whole-of-government approach to enhance civil services with digital competencies, data-driven frameworks, and agile governance models.

Key Proposals of the Visakhapatnam Declaration

1. National Vision:

• Promotes inclusive, citizen-centric, and transparent governance.
• Emphasizes the principle of “Minimum Government, Maximum Governance.”

2. Technology-Driven Governance:

• Encourages adoption of AI, ML, Blockchain, GIS, IoT, and Data Analytics to deliver multilingual, real-time, and sector-specific citizen services.
• Focus on ethical and transparent use of technology.
• Examples: Digital India BHASHINI, Digi Yatra, NADRES V2.

3. Replication of Successful Models:

Scale-up proven digital initiatives nationwide:

• SAMPADA 2.0 (MP)
• eKhata (Bengaluru)
• Rohini Gram Panchayat (Maharashtra)
• Drone Analytics Monitoring System (DAMS) by NHAI

4. Grassroots and Inclusive Development:

• Geographical Outreach: Expand services to regions with connectivity challenges, e.g., North-East, Ladakh, under NeSDA framework.
• Digital Literacy: Nationwide programs targeting women, youth, and rural communities.
• Panchayat Digital Models: Expansion of successful local governance initiatives.

5. Cybersecurity and Resilience:

• Focus on Zero-Trust architecture, post-quantum security, and AI-enabled monitoring.
• Priority sectors include transport, defence, and citizen service platforms.

6. Agriculture and Sustainability:

• National Agri Stack: Improves access to credit, advisories, and markets for farmers.

7. Collaboration and Regional Hub Development:

• Promote government-industry partnerships for scalable digital solutions.
• Develop regional IT and innovation hubs, e.g., Visakhapatnam.

Key Challenges to e-Governance in India

• Digital Divide and Low Literacy: Urban-rural, rich-poor, and literate-illiterate gaps limit access. Language barriers restrict adoption in diverse regions.
• Infrastructure Deficiencies: Poor internet connectivity, unreliable power supply, and inadequate ICT infrastructure in remote areas.
• Resistance to Change: Bureaucratic reluctance to shift from paper-based systems slows digital adoption.
• Interdepartmental Coordination & Interoperability: Siloed operations and incompatible systems hinder seamless service delivery.

‘Solar PV Potential Assessment of India (Ground-Mounted)’ Report Launched

Why in News

• National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) under the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy released the ground-mounted solar PV potential assessment report.
• The report provides a policy-linked, investment-ready framework for project siting, infrastructure development, and private sector participation.
• It supports India’s Panchamrit commitments, including energy independence by 2047 and net-zero emissions by 2070.

Key Highlights of the Report

1. Updated National Solar Potential:

• India’s ground-mounted solar PV potential increased to approximately 3,343 GWₚ from 749 GWₚ in 2014.

2. Geographic Distribution:

• While Rajasthan and Maharashtra have high potential, many other states also offer substantial opportunities.
• Feasible Wasteland Utilization: Around 6.69% of identified feasible wasteland can be harnessed for solar projects.

3. Challenges to Full Realization:

a. Land Acquisition

• Large-scale solar parks require extensive land, often located in ecologically sensitive or agriculturally important areas.
• Example: Rajasthan and Gujarat face conflicts over grazing lands and desert ecosystems rich in biodiversity.

b. Grid Integration

• Limited availability of affordable large-scale energy storage technologies restricts integration of weather-dependent solar power.

c. High Initial Capital Costs

• Despite declining solar module prices, upfront project costs remain substantial.

d. Other Challenges

• Financial stress in DISCOMs.
• Heavy import dependency for solar modules (~80% from China).
• Policy and regulatory uncertainty, shortage of skilled workforce, and technical barriers.

4. Initiatives Launched:

• Training Programs at NISE, Gurugram: Focus on solar cell and module manufacturing to build technical capacity and skilled workforce.
• Solar Didi Vision: Training women as leaders and ambassadors for a sustainable future.
• PM Surya Ghar (Muft Bijli Yojana): Promotes rooftop solar adoption by providing up to 300 units of free electricity per month to 1 crore households.

Tamil Nadu Coastal Restoration Mission (TN-SHORE)

Why in News

• Government of Tamil Nadu approved TN-SHORE, a ₹1,675-crore coastal restoration project, largely funded by the World Bank.
• The mission aims to strengthen Tamil Nadu’s coastal economy and ecological resilience.

Key Features of TN-SHORE

1. Mangrove Restoration:

• Objective: Restore and plant 1,000 hectares of mangroves.
• Funding Mechanism: World Bank funds will be directly channelled to village mangrove councils composed of local residents.
• Community Engagement: Encourages local participation and livelihood generation through sustainable coastal activities.

2. Seascape and Biodiversity Protection:

• Scope: Restore 30,000 hectares of seascapes.
• Focus: Safeguard endangered species such as dugongs and turtles.

Mangroves and Their Significance

1. Definition and Habitat:

• Mangroves are salt-tolerant plant communities found in tropical and subtropical intertidal regions.
• Thrive in areas with 1,000–3,000 mm rainfall and temperatures of 26°C–35°C.

2. Climate Role:

• Known as “Nature’s Carbon Vault”, mangroves store 7.5–10 times more carbon per acre than typical tropical forests.

3. Livelihood Support:

• Example: In Navghar, Maharashtra, mangrove restoration enabled women to earn stable, year-round income through sustainable mud crab farming.

Mangroves in India

1. Total Mangrove Cover:

• 4,991.68 sq. km (India State of Forest Report 2023).

2. Growth Trend:

• 11.4% net increase in mangrove cover between 2001–2023.

3. State-wise Distribution:

• West Bengal: 42.45% of India’s mangroves
• Gujarat: 23.32%

Wheeled Armoured Platforms (WhAP) and India’s First Overseas Defence Manufacturing Plant

Why in News

• Recently, the Defence Minister of India inaugurated the country’s first overseas defence manufacturing facility in Morocco.
• The plant will produce the indigenously developed Wheeled Armoured Platform (WhAP) 8x8, co-designed by Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) and DRDO.

About Wheeled Armoured Platform (WhAP)

1. India’s First Amphibious Wheeled Infantry Combat Vehicle:

• Purpose: Optimised for survivability, all-terrain mobility, and enhanced combat lethality.
• Deployment: Designed for rapid troop movement across varied terrains, including water bodies.

2. Critical Technologies Incorporated:

• Integrated Power Pack with Automatic Transmission: Ensures smooth operation and high performance.
• Amphibious Capability: Equipped with floatation and propulsion systems for waterborne operations.
• Advanced Armouring & Combat Systems: Enhances protection and combat effectiveness for infantry units.

Strategic Significance

• Marks a milestone in India’s defence manufacturing exports.
• Demonstrates DRDO-TASL collaboration in developing cutting-edge indigenous defence technology.
• Strengthens India’s strategic and defence ties with Morocco.

OECD Economic Outlook: India’s GDP Forecast Upgraded

Why in News

• The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has upgraded India’s GDP growth forecast for 2025 to 6.7%.
• Simultaneously, it has moderated India’s inflation projection to 2.9%, reflecting improved macroeconomic stability.

About the OECD Economic Outlook Report

1. Publication Details:

• Released by: OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)
• Frequency: Biannual publication
• Objective: Analyzes global and national economic trends to guide policy-making and investment decisions.

2. Key Coverage Areas:

• GDP Growth: Short- and medium-term projections.
• Inflation Trends: Price level movements and monetary implications.
• Employment: Labour market dynamics and unemployment trends.
• Trade and Investment: Patterns of international trade and capital flows.

3. Risks Highlighted:

• Inflationary Pressures: Potential price instability across sectors.
• Financial Instability: Vulnerabilities in banking and capital markets.
• Geopolitical Tensions: Impact on trade, investment, and economic growth.

Significance for India

• Stronger GDP forecast indicates resilient domestic economic growth.
• Moderate inflation projection suggests controlled price pressures, supporting investment and consumption.
• Provides policymakers with data-driven insights for fiscal and monetary planning.

Philippines Hit by Super Typhoon Ragasa

Why in News

• Philippines was recently impacted by Super Typhoon Ragasa, causing severe weather disturbances.
• Super Typhoons are among the most intense tropical cyclones, capable of significant destruction.

About Super Typhoon

1. Definition:

• A Super Typhoon is a tropical cyclone with maximum sustained wind speeds exceeding 185 km/h (or 100 knots).

2. Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones:

• Structure: Warm-core low-pressure system with spiral inflow at lower levels and outflow at upper levels.
• Formation Conditions:
  - Over oceans with sea surface temperatures above 26°C.
  - Typically develops at latitudes greater than 5° from the equator.

DRAVYA Portal Launched on National Ayurveda Day

Why in News

On National Ayurveda Day (23 September 2025), the DRAVYA Portal was officially launched.

About DRAVYA Portal

1. Full Form:

• DRAVYA: Digitized Retrieval Application for Versatile Yardstick of AYUSH Substances

2. Administrative Oversight:

• Launched By: Ministry of AYUSH
• Part of the government’s effort to promote evidence-based Ayurveda and digital integration of traditional knowledge.

3. Key Features:

• Comprehensive Database: Largest collection of data on Ayurvedic ingredients and products.
• Inclusive Coverage: Integrates knowledge from classical Ayurveda textbooks, contemporary scientific literature, and field studies.
• Dynamic Platform: Ever-growing and evolving to accommodate new research, updates, and discoveries.
• Accessibility: Data is openly available to researchers, practitioners, and the public.

Oju Hydroelectric Project Approved on Subansiri River

Why in News

• An expert committee has approved the 2,200-MW Oju Hydroelectric Project on the Subansiri River, near the India-China border.
• The project aims to enhance renewable energy capacity and support regional development in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.

About Subansiri River

1. Origin and Course:

• Origin: Tibet
• Tributary: Largest tributary of the Brahmaputra River
• Course: Flows through Arunachal Pradesh, enters Assam, and joins the Brahmaputra
• Special Name: Known as the “Gold River” due to gold dust found in its waters

2. Project Highlights:

• Capacity: 2,200 MW
• Objective: Generate clean electricity and strengthen regional infrastructure
• Strategic Benefit: Enhances energy security in the Northeast while promoting sustainable development

Fresh Eruption at Barren Island Volcano, Andaman Islands

Why in News

• A fresh volcanic eruption has been reported at Barren Island Volcano, located in the Andaman Sea.
• The volcano is closely monitored due to its geological, ecological, and strategic significance.

About Barren Island Volcano

1. Location:

• Situated in the Andaman Sea, part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
• Distance from Port Blair: 138 km northeast.

2. Status and Type:

• India’s Only Active Volcano
• Type: Stratovolcano
• Volcanic Arc: Part of the Andaman volcanic arc

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