29 October 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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22nd ASEAN–India Summit (2025)

Venue: Malaysia

Date: October 2025

Background: ASEAN and India elevated their partnership to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2022.

Key Highlights

1. Adoption of Key Frameworks:

• Supported ASEAN–India Plan of Action (2026–2030) to implement CSP.
• Adopted the ASEAN–India Joint Leaders’ Statement on Sustainable Tourism.

2. Maritime Cooperation:

• Declared 2026 as the “ASEAN–India Year of Maritime Cooperation.”
• Announced the East Asia Summit Maritime Heritage Festival to be held at Lothal, Gujarat.

3. Institutional Initiative:

• Proposed establishment of a Centre for Southeast Asian Studies at Nalanda University (Bihar).

Significance of ASEAN for India

1. ASEAN Centrality:

• India supports ASEAN’s central role in the Indo-Pacific and within its Act East Policy framework.

2. Economic Relations:

• Governed by the ASEAN–India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITGA), signed in 2009.
• Bilateral trade (2024–25): ~USD 123 billion.

3. Strategic & Maritime Significance:

• ASEAN–India Joint Statement on Maritime Cooperation (2023) reinforces respect for international law (UNCLOS) in the South China Sea.
• Strengthens India’s role as a stabilizing force and counterbalance to China in the region.

4. Connectivity & Northeast Development:

• Projects like Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project and India–Myanmar–Thailand Highway enhance physical and economic linkages.

5. Multilateralism:

• ASEAN’s emphasis on regionalism and rule-based order aligns with India’s foreign policy focus on multilateralism.

About ASEAN

• Founded: 1967, Bangkok, Thailand (Bangkok Declaration).
• Members (11):Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and Timor-Leste (joined in 2025).

Mission for Advancement in High-Impact Areas (MAHA) – MedTech Mission (2025)

Launched by: Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) in collaboration with Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

About ANRF

• Established under: Anusandhan National Research Foundation Act, 2023.
• Purpose: Apex body for providing strategic direction and funding to scientific and social science research in line with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
• Functions: Strengthen India’s research ecosystem by linking academia, industry, and government missions.

Objectives of MAHA–MedTech Mission

• Promote innovation in India’s medical technology sector.
• Reduce import dependence on high-cost foreign medical devices.
• Ensure equitable access to affordable, high-quality, and indigenous medical technologies.

Funding Framework

1. Support to:

• Academic & R&D institutions
• Hospitals
• Startups, MSMEs
• MedTech industries and collaborations

2. Funding size:

• ₹5–25 crore per project; up to ₹50 crore in exceptional cases.

3. Mode:

• Milestone-linked funding approach.

Enabling Support Ecosystem

• Patent Mitra: Facilitates IP protection and technology transfer.
• MedTech Mitra: Provides regulatory guidance and clearance support.
• Clinical Trial Network: Enables clinical validation and evidence generation for new technologies.

Focus Areas / Technologies

1. Medical Devices & In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD)

2. High-End Frontier Technologies:

• Imaging & Radiotherapy Equipment
• Robotics & Minimally Invasive Technologies
• Implants and AI/ML-enabled diagnostic devices

India’s MedTech Sector Snapshot

1. Sector size:

• ~$14 billion (2025); projected to reach $30 billion by 2030.

2. Exports:

• Surpassed $4 billion.

3. Global rank:

• 4th largest in Asia (after Japan, China, and South Korea).

4. Government Support:

• PLI Scheme for Medical Devices
• PRIP Scheme (Promotion of Research & Innovation in Pharma MedTech Sector)
• National Medical Device Policy, 2023
• Medical Device Parks Scheme

Constitutional Morality - A Tool to Combat Social Evils

Concept Origin

• Propounded by: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
• Core Idea: Disparities and inequalities in society can be resolved through adherence to constitutional morality-a cultivated sense of respect for constitutional principles and values.

Meaning

• Constitutional Morality means obedience to the spirit and principles of the Constitution, not just its text.
• It requires balancing freedom and restraint, ensuring authority is exercised within constitutional limits while allowing space for criticism and reform.
• As per George Grote, it involves voluntary adherence to constitutional norms by both citizens and authorities.

Constitutional Embedding

Reflected across multiple parts of the Constitution:

• Preamble: embodies justice, liberty, equality, fraternity.
• Fundamental Rights (Articles 12–35): ensure individual dignity and equality.
• Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 36–51): guide governance toward social and economic justice.
• Fundamental Duties (Article 51A): promote civic responsibility and respect for constitutional ideals.

Significance

• Acts as the moral compass of constitutional democracy.
• Bridges the gap between law and social conscience.
• Promotes inclusion, equality, and protection of minorities.
• Helps in addressing deep-rooted social evils such as casteism, gender inequality, and discrimination.

Judicial Application in Social Transformation

Analytical Insight

• Constitutional morality ensures that majoritarian impulses or social prejudices do not override constitutional values.
• It strengthens democratic resilience, protects marginalized voices, and ensures rule of law over rule of sentiment.

IUCN World Heritage Outlook 4: Western Ghats Listed as ‘Significant Concern’

The IUCN World Heritage Outlook 4 (2025) has categorized India’s Western Ghats, along with Manas National Park (Assam) and Sundarbans National Park (West Bengal), as being of “Significant Concern” in terms of their conservation status.

About the IUCN World Heritage Outlook

1. Issued by:

• International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

2. Objective:

• To assess and monitor the conservation prospects of all World Heritage Sites recognized for their natural values.

3. Evaluation Framework:

Each site is categorized under four grades:

• Good
• Good with Some Concerns
• Significant Concern
• Critical

4. Meaning of ‘Significant Concern’:

• Indicates that the site’s ecological values face multiple current or potential threats, and require urgent and enhanced conservation interventions.

About Western Ghats

1. Geographical Extent:

• A 1,600 km-long mountain chain, older than the Himalayas, running parallel to India’s western coast.

2. Spread Across:

• Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.

3. UNESCO Status:

• Declared a World Heritage Site and one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots.

4. Biodiversity Richness:

• Habitat to over 325 globally threatened species, including the Nilgiri Tahr and Lion-tailed Macaque.
• Represents the best example of non-equatorial tropical evergreen forests.

5. Climatic Role:

• Acts as a climate regulator, intercepting monsoon winds and influencing India’s southwest monsoon pattern.

Threats to the Western Ghats

1. Infrastructure and Development Pressure:

• Proliferation of hydropower and infrastructure projects, such as the Sillahalla Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project in the Nilgiris.
• Road and dam construction leading to habitat fragmentation and erosion.

2. Land Use Conversion:

• Expanding commercial agriculture (tea, coffee, rubber, oil palm).
• Forests being cleared for livestock grazing, reservoirs, and settlements.

3. Human-Wildlife Conflict:

• High population density and agricultural expansion have intensified conflicts with elephants, leopards, and other species.

4. Climate Change:

• Shifts in temperature zones forcing species like the Nilgiri Flycatcher to migrate to higher altitudes, threatening ecosystem balance.

5. Invasive Alien Species:

• Proliferation of non-native flora such as eucalyptus and acacia displacing native plant communities.

UV Convention Against Cybercrime Signed by 72 Nations

Seventy-two nations have officially signed the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime during a ceremony held in Hanoi, Việt Nam, marking a historic global effort to combat digital threats and cyber offences.

This is the world’s first legally binding international convention to address cybercrime, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2024.

About the UN Convention Against Cybercrime

• Adopted by: United Nations General Assembly (2024)
• Objective: To establish a comprehensive global legal framework to prevent, investigate, and prosecute cybercrimes, and strengthen international cooperation.
• Entry into Force: 90 days after at least 40 UN member states ratify the treaty.
• Significance: Serves as the first universal legal instrument for tackling cybercrime and related offences that exploit the internet and information systems.

Key Features of the Convention

1. Electronic Evidence Framework:

• Establishes the first global standard for the collection, sharing, and admissibility of electronic evidence in criminal investigations.
• Applies to all serious offences, not just cybercrime, enabling better global judicial cooperation.

2. Criminalization of Cyber Offences:

a. The treaty criminalizes both cyber-dependent and cyber-enabled crimes.

b. Covers offences such as:

• Online fraud and identity theft
• Child sexual abuse and exploitation material
• Online grooming of minors
• Non-consensual sharing of intimate images (a first in international law).

3. Global 24/7 Cooperation Network:

• Establishes a permanent international network for real-time coordination and assistance among national cybercrime authorities.
• Enables swift cross-border investigations, particularly for time-sensitive data and digital evidence.

Cybercrimes: Types and Definitions

Indian Coffee Gains Global Recognition

The Prime Minister recently highlighted the growing international demand for Indian coffee, reflecting its increasing global recognition for quality and flavor diversity.

About Indian Coffee

• Global Standing: India is the 7th largest coffee producer in the world.
• Exports: Nearly 70% of India’s total coffee output is exported, contributing around USD 1.8 billion in export earnings during 2024–25.
• Varieties Grown: Primarily Arabica and Robusta, with Arabica known for its delicate flavor and Robusta for its strong taste and higher caffeine content.

Major Coffee-Growing Regions in India

Karnataka accounts for nearly two-thirds of India’s total coffee production.

Ideal Conditions for Coffee Cultivation

• Soil: Deep, fertile, well-drained soils rich in organic matter; slightly acidic (pH 6.0–6.5).
• Topography: Prefers gentle to moderate slopes with good drainage.
• Temperature: 15°C – 30°C.
• Rainfall: Annual precipitation of 1000–2500 mm is optimal for healthy crop growth.

Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar (RVP) 2025

The Government announced the Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar 2025-India’s highest recognition for exceptional contributions in science, technology, and innovation.

Objective

• To honor scientists, technologists, and innovators for outstanding and inspiring work in diverse scientific fields.

Categories (4)

• Vigyan Ratna (VR): Lifetime achievements & contributions in any field of S&T.
• Vigyan Shri (VS): Distinguished contributions in any field of S&T.
• Vigyan Yuva–Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (VY–SSB): Recognizing & encouraging young scientists.
• Vigyan Team (VT): Exceptional teamwork in science and technology.

Notable Awardee (2025)

• Prof. Jayant Vishnu Narlikar (Physics) - Posthumously awarded Vigyan Ratna (VR)
• Co-developed the Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity, offering an alternative to Einstein’s General Relativity and challenging the Big Bang model.

National Biodiversity Authority

The NBA released funds to Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) in Uttar Pradesh and Sikkim for biodiversity conservation initiatives.

About NBA

• Type: Statutory, autonomous body
• Parent Ministry: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)
• Established: 2003
• Legal Basis: Under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002
• Headquarters: Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Functions

• Facilitative: Promotes conservation and sustainable use of biological resources.
• Regulatory: Controls access to India’s biological resources and ensures benefit-sharing.
• Advisory: Provides policy guidance to the Central Government on biodiversity-related issues.

Institutional Framework

• National Level: National Biodiversity Authority (NBA)
• State Level: State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs)
• Local Level: Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs)

Objective

To ensure conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair & equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of biological resources and associated traditional knowledge.

Global Financial Stability Report (GFSR), April 2025

Released by: International Monetary Fund (IMF)

About the Report

1. Objective:

• To provide a regular assessment of global financial markets and identify potential systemic risks that could lead to financial crises.

2. Focus Areas:

Stability of the international financial system.

• Market liquidity, debt levels, and cross-border capital flows.
• Effects of monetary policy and geopolitical developments on financial stability.

Key Findings (April 2025 Edition)

• Tightened Global Financial Conditions: Caused by higher interest rates and volatile capital flows, have significantly increased global financial stability risks.
• Impact of Geopolitical Risks: Military conflicts and global tensions have led to declines in stock prices and rises in sovereign risk premiums (higher borrowing costs for governments).

Other Major Reports by IMF

• World Economic Outlook (WEO): Analyses global economic trends, growth projections, and policy challenges.
• Fiscal Monitor: Examines fiscal policies, debt sustainability, and government spending patterns globally.

Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project (HEP)

The Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project has successfully undergone a test run, marking a key milestone before commissioning.

About Subansiri Lower HEP

1. Type:

• Run-of-the-River scheme with a small pondage for daily flow regulation.

2. River:

• Constructed on the Subansiri River, a major tributary of the Brahmaputra.

3. Location:

• Situated near North Lakhimpur, on the Assam–Arunachal Pradesh border.

4. Executing Agency:

• NHPC Limited (National Hydroelectric Power Corporation).

5. Purpose:

• Designed for power generation and regional energy security in the northeastern states.

6. Significance:

• Largest hydroelectric project in the Northeast India region.
• Expected to boost clean energy generation and reduce carbon emissions.
• Plays a role in flood moderation and local development.

Karakoram and Changthang Wildlife Sanctuaries (Ladakh)

A proposal to redraw the boundaries of the Karakoram and Changthang Wildlife Sanctuaries in Ladakh has been submitted to the Central Government.

Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS)

• Established: 1987
• Location: Karakoram Range, Ladakh
• Terrain & Vegetation: Cold desert ecosystem with alpine vegetation and medicinal plants.
• Key Fauna: Snow Leopard, Himalayan Brown Bear, Himalayan Wolf, Ibex (Wild Goat), Wild Blue Sheep (Bharal)

Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS)

• Location: Ladakhi Changthang Plateau, Leh district
• Significance: Contains India’s highest-altitude lakes - Tso Moriri, Pangong Tso, and Tso Kar.
• Key Fauna: Snow Leopard, Tibetan Wild Ass (Kiang), Black-necked Crane (notably breeds here)

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