29 September 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 29 September 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

US Announces 100% Tariffs on Pharmaceutical Drug Imports

Why in News

• The US President has announced a 100% tariff on branded or patented drug imports effective 1 October 2025, unless manufacturers establish production facilities within the US.
• This move could have significant implications for India, a leading global exporter of pharmaceuticals.

Impact on India’s Pharmaceutical Exports

1. Exclusion of Generics:

• The US is India’s largest pharma market, contributing nearly 35% of India’s pharma exports (≈$10 billion in FY25).
• Most of India’s exports are low-cost generics and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), which remain outside the tariff’s scope.

2. Concerns over Tariff Interpretation:

• Generic medicines also carry manufacturer labels.
• If “branded pharmaceutical drug” is interpreted broadly, it could result in shipment delays, higher scrutiny, and added costs for Indian exporters.

3. Pharma Manufacturing and USFDA Compliance:

• India hosts the highest number of USFDA-compliant facilities outside the US.
• Companies may shift operations to the US to bypass tariffs, impacting domestic pharmaceutical production.

4. Short-Term Advantage:

• Higher prices of branded drugs in the US could boost demand for generics, creating an opportunity for Indian suppliers in the near term.

India’s Pharmaceutical Sector

1. Global Standing:

• 3rd largest producer globally by volume and 11th by value.

2. Growth Potential:

• Projected to reach USD 130 billion by 2030 and USD 450 billion by 2047.

3. Export Profile:

• Formulations and biologicals make up about 75% of India’s total pharma exports.
• India contributes around 60% of global vaccine supply.

ICEF Report on Child Marriage Trends in India

Why in News

UNICEF has released a report highlighting a decline in child marriages across several Indian states, reflecting the impact of coordinated interventions and policy measures.

Key Highlights

1. State-Level Decline:

• Andhra Pradesh: Child marriage prevalence reduced from 33% (NFHS-4) to 29.3% (NFHS-5).
• Rajasthan: Reduced from 35.4% (NFHS-4) to 25.4% (NFHS-5).

2. National and Global Alignment:

• Progress aligns with SDG 5: Gender Equality, emphasizing elimination of harmful practices.

Learnings from States

1. Andhra Pradesh & Telangana:

• Evidence-based advocacy using NFHS-5 data.
• Intensive child marriage reduction programs launched by the Women Development and Child Welfare Department.

2. Assam:

• Innovative approach involving boys and men to influence societal attitudes for long-term gender equality.

3. Chhattisgarh (Jashpur):

• Volunteer-led “Jay-HO” campaign showcasing multisectoral collaboration.

4. Odisha:

• Expansion of the Child Marriage Free Village initiative; over 12,400 villages declared child marriage-free by January 2022.

National-Level Measures

• Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (2006): Sets legal age at 18 for girls and 21 for boys.
• National Action Plan to Prevent Child Marriage: Framework for supporting at-risk girls.
• Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat Campaign: Advocates for uniform legal marriage age of 18 without exceptions.

Global Efforts

UNFPA–UNICEF Global Programme (2016): Focuses on safeguarding adolescent girls and preventing child, early, and forced marriages worldwide.

India’s Urban Definition: Governance Gaps and Reform Imperatives

Why in News

The Registrar General of India (RGI) has proposed retaining the existing 2011 definition of “urban” for the upcoming Census 2027, sparking debate on its adequacy in capturing India’s contemporary urbanization trends.

Current Definition of Urban in India

1. Statutory Towns:

• Defined by statute: Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, Town Panchayats, Cantonment Boards, Nagar Palikas, etc.
• Settlements with population ≥ 1,00,000 are classified as cities.

2. Census Towns (non-statutory but meeting 3 conditions):

• Minimum population of 5,000.
• Population density ≥ 400 persons/sq km.
• ≥ 75% of the male main workforce engaged in non-agricultural work.

Issues with the Current Definition

• Gender Bias: Excludes women’s contribution by focusing solely on male workforce participation.
• Outdated Criteria: Unchanged for nearly 50 years; does not reflect evolving economic and social realities.
• Urban Denial: Many functionally urban settlements continue to be counted as rural.
• Governance Mismatch: Census towns governed by rural panchayats lack the capacity, funds, and planning frameworks of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
• Infrastructure Deficits: Poor delivery of urban services like waste management, sanitation, roads, and housing due to rural-style governance.

Suggested Reforms

• Gender-Neutral Workforce Criterion: Include women’s participation to ensure accurate classification.
• Adopt DEGURBA Method: Degree of Urbanization (DEGURBA), backed by the UN Statistical Commission, provides a more functional and globally harmonized measure of urbanization.

Discovery of Natural Gas in Andaman Basin

Why in News

The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas has announced the discovery of natural gas in the Sri Vijayapuram-2 well, located 17 km from the east coast of the Andaman Islands.

Key Highlights

1. Resource Estimate:

• Hydrocarbon Resource Assessment Study (HRAS) projects 371 million metric tons of oil equivalent (MMTOE) in the Andaman-Nicobar Basin.

2. Geological Significance:

• Lies at the intersection of Andaman and Nicobar Basins, part of the Bengal-Arakan sedimentary system.
• Tectonic setting between the Indian and Burmese plates has created stratigraphic traps favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation.
• Past discoveries in nearby basins: North Sumatra (Indonesia) and Irrawaddy-Margui (Myanmar).

3. Energy Vision Alignment:

• Supports India’s goal of becoming a Gas-Based Economy by 2030.
• Aims to raise natural gas share in the energy mix to 15% by 2030.

India’s Natural Gas Scenario

• Current production: Meets only ~50% of domestic demand.
• Import Dependence: Remaining demand is met through LNG imports.
• Major LNG suppliers: Qatar, USA, UAE.

Government Initiatives for Gas Exploration

1.Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP), 2016:

• Unified licensing for all hydrocarbons.
• Introduced Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP).

2. National Deep Water Exploration Mission:

• Aims to drill multiple deepwater wells to unlock offshore hydrocarbon reserves.

3. Other Measures:

• National Data Repository for exploration data.
• National Seismic Program for mapping reserves.
• 100% FDI permitted in the natural gas sector.

Attorney General of India

Why in News

The President of India has re-appointed R. Venkataramani as the Attorney General of India for a fresh term of two years.

Constitutional Provisions & Qualifications

Article 76:

• The Attorney General (AG) must be a person qualified to be appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court.
• i.e., a judge of a High Court for 5 years, or an advocate in a High Court for 10 years, or an eminent jurist.

Powers & Functions

• Chief Legal Advisor: Advises the Government of India on legal matters.
• Duties Assigned by President: Performs legal tasks referred to him by the President.
• Right of Audience: Has the right to appear and be heard in all courts of India.

Tenure & Service Conditions

• Term: Holds office during the pleasure of the President.
• Remuneration: Determined by the President.
• Re-appointment: Can be re-appointed for further terms.

Parliamentary Rights

Article 88:

• Has the right to speak and participate in proceedings of both Houses of Parliament and their committees.
• No voting rights.

AFSPA Extended in Parts of Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland

Why in News

1. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has extended the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) in:

• Entire state of Manipur, except areas under 13 police stations.
• Certain notified regions of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.

2. The extension is valid for another six months (from September 2025).

About AFSPA, 1958

• Definition of Disturbed Area: Declared under Section 3 of AFSPA when dangerous or violent conditions require the use of armed forces in aid of civil power.
• Authority to Declare: Central Government, or Governor of a State, or Administrator of a Union Territory.

Powers of Armed Forces under AFSPA

• Control over gatherings: Can prohibit assembly of five or more persons.
• Arrest without warrant: On the basis of reasonable suspicion.
• Search and seizure: Enter or search premises without a warrant.
• Combat operations: Destroy arms dumps, fortified positions, training camps, or shelters used by armed insurgents.

Applicability of AFSPA

States/UTs: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura.

Appointment of Judges – Allahabad High Court

Why in News

The President of India has appointed 24 judges to the Allahabad High Court.

Constitutional Provisions

Article 217: Deals with appointment of High Court Judges.

1. Appointing Authority:

• President of India.

2. Consultations Required:

• Chief Justice of India (CJI)
• Governor of the State
• For judges other than the Chief Justice, also consult the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court.

Recommendation Process - Collegium System

• Collegium Composition: Chief Justice of India + two senior-most Supreme Court judges.
• Function: Recommends names of High Court judges for appointment by the President.

Key Points

• Ensures independence of judiciary and merit-based appointments.
• High Court judges serve until the age of 62.

Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) Norms – India

Why in News

The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has released revised draft CAFE-3 and CAFE-4 norms.

Key Features of New Draft Norms

• Special Relief: Introduced for small cars for the first time.
• Incentives: Offered for flex-fuel vehicles and strong hybrid vehicles.
• Timeline: Norms effective from 1st April 2027 to 31st March 2032.

About CAFE Norms

1. First Notified:

• 2017, under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001.

2. Objective:

• Reduce fuel consumption.
• Lower CO₂ emissions.
• Minimise oil dependency and air pollution.

3. Applicability:

• Passenger cars with ≤9 seats (including driver).
• Gross Vehicle Weight ≤3,500 kg.

Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari (JSJB) Initiative – India

Why in News

• Karnataka’s Bidar district won the Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari Award under Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain.
• Telangana secured top position in rainwater conservation.

About JSJB Initiative

• Launch Year: 2024
• Objective: Promote water conservation through community participation and ownership.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Jal Shakti
• Focus Areas: Rainwater harvesting, Aquifer recharge, Borewell recharge, Recharge shafts
• Resource Support: Government & non-Government sources, including CSR funds, industrial houses, civic bodies, water enthusiasts.

G4, L.69, and C-10 – UN Security Council Reforms

Why in News

• G4 Ministers reiterated commitment to UN Security Council (UNSC) reforms.
• India’s External Affairs Minister convened a joint meeting of L.69 group and C-10.

G4 (Group of Four)

• Members: Brazil, Germany, India, Japan
• Purpose: Mutual support for each other’s permanent UNSC membership bid

L.69 Group

• Members: 40+ developing countries from Africa, Asia, Latin America, Caribbean, Pacific (including India)
• Purpose: Advocate comprehensive UNSC reform with greater representation for developing nations

C-10 (Committee of Ten)

• Members: 10 African Union states – Algeria, Equatorial Guinea, Congo, Kenya, Libya, Namibia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia
• Purpose: Represent Africa’s Common Position on UNSC reform

Russia-Iran Nuclear Plants Deal

Key Highlights

• Deal Value: $25 billion
• Location: Sirik, Hormozgan Province, Iran
• Parties Involved: Iran Hormoz Company & Rosatom (Russia)
• Scope: Construction of four nuclear power plants
• Capacity: Each plant – 1,255 MW
• Current Nuclear Status of Iran: Only one operational plant at Bushehr

Major Nuclear Sites in Iran

• Natanz Enrichment Complex: Uranium enrichment
• Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant: Uranium enrichment & storage
• Isfahan Uranium Conversion & Fuel Fabrication Complex: Uranium conversion & fuel production.

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