8 October 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

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WHO Global Report on Trends in Prevalence of Tobacco Use (2000–2024)

Why in News

The World Health Organization (WHO) released its Global Report on Trends in Prevalence of Tobacco Use 2000–2024, highlighting a significant global decline in tobacco consumption while warning about the emerging popularity of e-cigarettes.

Key Global Findings

1. Decline in Tobacco Use:

• Global adult tobacco use has fallen sharply from 26.2% in 2010 to 19.5% in 2024.
• Despite progress, 1 in every 5 adults continues to use tobacco products.

2. Rising Use of E-Cigarettes:

• Over 100 million individuals worldwide now use e-cigarettes, indicating a shift in consumption patterns toward alternative nicotine products.

India’s Status and Progress

• Tobacco Users in India (2024): India has approximately 243.48 million tobacco users aged 15 years and above.
• Progress Toward WHO Targets: India’s projected reduction in tobacco use (2010–2025) stands at 43%, exceeding the WHO NCD (Non-Communicable Disease) target of a 30% reduction by 2025.

India’s Major Policy Measures to Curb Tobacco Use

1. Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003:

• Prohibits smoking in public places.
• Bans sale of tobacco products to minors and near educational institutions.

2. Packaging and Labelling (Amendment) Rules, 2022:

• Mandates pictorial health warnings with rotating images and messages on tobacco products.

3. National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP):

• Focuses on public awareness, capacity building, and reducing supply and demand of tobacco products.

4. Prohibition of Electronic Cigarettes Act, 2019:

• Enforces a nationwide ban on the manufacture, import, sale, and advertisement of e-cigarettes.

About Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)

1. Origin:

• South America.

2. Climatic Requirements:

• Temperature: 20°C – 30°C.
• Rainfall: At least 500 mm annually.
• Growing Period: 90–120 frost-free days.

3. Soil:

• Prefers well-drained sandy loam or alluvial soils with good fertility.

India’s Production Profile

1. Global Standing:

• 2nd largest producer of tobacco after China.
• 2nd largest exporter after Brazil.

2. Major Producing States:

• Gujarat (≈30% of national output)
• Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar

Typhoon Matmo Hits Southern China

Why in News

Southern China’s Yunnan and Guangdong provinces have recently been impacted by Typhoon Matmo, bringing heavy rainfall, strong winds, and flooding across several districts.
The storm has disrupted transport networks, damaged crops, and caused widespread power outages in coastal and inland regions.

About Typhoon Matmo

• Type: Tropical Cyclone (Western Pacific Ocean)
• Region Affected: South China, particularly Yunnan and Guangdong provinces.
• Impact: Intense rainfall, landslides, flooding, and infrastructure damage.

About Typhoons

• A Typhoon is a tropical cyclone that forms in the western Pacific Ocean.
• It is characterized by a rapidly rotating low-pressure system with strong winds and heavy rainfall.

Regional Names of Tropical Cyclones

Favourable Conditions for Formation

• Warm Ocean Surface: Sea surface temperature above 27°C.
• Coriolis Force: Required to initiate rotation (absent near the equator).
• Low Vertical Wind Shear: Allows the storm to maintain its circular structure.
• Pre-existing Disturbance: A weak low-pressure area that serves as the seed for cyclone development.

Significance

• Highlights the increasing frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones in the western Pacific due to climate change and ocean warming.
• Underscores the need for enhanced early warning systems, disaster preparedness, and regional cooperation in climate resilience.

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025

Overview

1. Awardees:

• Mary E. Brunkow (USA)
• Fred Ramsdell (USA)
• Shimon Sakaguchi (Japan)

2. Field of Contribution:

• Discoveries related to peripheral immune tolerance.

Key Highlights of the Research

1. Focus Area - Peripheral Immune System

• The research explored the peripheral immune system, which operates outside the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
• It focuses on how the immune system distinguishes between self and non-self, determining what to attack or protect.

2. Discovery of Regulatory T (Treg) Cells

• Shimon Sakaguchi (1995) discovered a unique class of Regulatory T-cells (Tregs).
• These cells suppress overactive immune responses, thereby preventing the body from attacking its own tissues — a process termed peripheral tolerance.

3. FOXP3 Gene and Autoimmunity

• Mary Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell studied scurfy mice that exhibited severe autoimmune symptoms.
• In 2001, they identified FOXP3 as the key gene regulating immune tolerance.
• Mutations in this gene cause autoimmune diseases in both mice and humans (notably IPEX syndrome).
• Sakaguchi later demonstrated that FOXP3 controls the development and function of Treg cells.

Significance of the Discovery

• Cancer Therapy: Tumors can manipulate T-cells to evade immune attacks; new immunotherapies aim to counter this by modulating Treg activity.
• Autoimmune Diseases & Transplant Medicine: Therapies are being tested to enhance Treg cell formation, helping to control autoimmune disorders and reduce organ transplant rejection.

Russia–Ukraine Conflict: Strikes on Kharkiv and Poltava Regions

Russia recently carried out massive missile and drone strikes targeting Ukrainian gas infrastructure in the Kharkiv and Poltava regions.

The attacks mark a renewed escalation in the ongoing Russia–Ukraine conflict, affecting key energy and civilian infrastructure.

Affected Areas

In addition to Kharkiv and Poltava, several other Ukrainian regions were hit, including:

• Donetsk and Luhansk (part of the eastern Donbas region),
• Sumy, Kherson, Mykolaiv, Dnipro, Zaporizhzhia, and Chernihiv.

Strategic Concern - Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Plant

• Zaporizhzhia is home to Europe’s largest nuclear power plant, under Russian control since March 2022.
• Renewed attacks in the surrounding areas have raised fears of nuclear safety risks amid ongoing hostilities.

Significance of the Strikes

• Energy Targeting Strategy: Attacks on gas and power infrastructure aim to weaken Ukraine’s energy grid and winter preparedness.
• Geopolitical Implications: Renewed strikes coincide with stalled peace efforts and Western debates over continued military aid.
• Humanitarian Impact: Large-scale blackouts and disruptions in heating and power supply affect millions of civilians.

Broader Implications

• Highlights the continued volatility of Eastern Europe’s security landscape.
• Raises global concerns over nuclear safety, energy stability, and civilian protection under international humanitarian law.

World Para Athletics Championships 2025

India achieved its best-ever performance at the World Para Athletics Championships 2025, securing a record 22 medals, including 6 Golds.

Notably, India became the fourth Asian nation to host the World Para Athletics Championships - marking a major milestone in the country’s sporting and inclusivity journey.

India’s Achievement

• Total Medals: 22 (6 Gold, remaining Silver and Bronze)
• Significance: India’s highest-ever medal tally at the World Para Athletics Championships.
• Host Status: India hosted the event for the first time in 2025, showcasing its growing infrastructure for para-sports.

About World Para Athletics

• Governing Body: International Paralympic Committee (IPC).
• Nature: Largest sport within the Paralympic Movement, encompassing track and field events adapted for athletes with physical, visual, or intellectual impairments.

Historical Background

• First Competition: 1952, marking the beginning of organized para-athletics.
• Evolution: Expanded to include diverse disciplines such as running, throwing, and jumping events with classification systems ensuring fair competition among differently-abled athletes.

Major Competitions under Para Athletics

• Paralympic Games: Held every four years alongside the Olympic cycle.
• World Para Athletics Championships: Conducted biennially (once every two years).
• World Para Athletics Grand Prix: Held annually across different global cities since 2013, providing ranking and qualification opportunities for elite para-athletes.

UNESCO Nominates First Arab Leader as Director-General

UNESCO has nominated its first Arab leader as the next Director-General, marking a historic moment for the organization’s leadership diversity.

About UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)

• Established: 1946
• Headquarters: Paris, France
• Member States: 194

Objective

To promote international cooperation in education, science, culture, and communication - strengthening shared humanity and sustainable peace.

Governance Structure

• General Conference: Main decision-making body (meets biennially).
• Executive Board: Oversees program implementation.
• Secretariat: Headed by the Director-General.

Director-General Appointment

• Nomination: By the Executive Board
• Appointment: By the General Conference
• Tenure: Four years (renewable once for another four-year term)

Al Hol Refugee Camp

The High-Level International Conference on the Repatriation of Persons from Al Hol was recently organized by the Government of Iraq with technical support from the United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT).

About Al Hol

1. Location:

• Northeastern Syria, near the border with Iraq.

2. Type:

• Refugee and internally displaced persons (IDP) camp.

3. Inhabitants:

• Syrians displaced by conflict.
• Iraqi refugees.
• Foreign na tionals from over 50 countries (mainly families of former ISIS members).

4. Background:

• Originally established in the 1990s for Iraqi refugees after the Gulf War.
• Expanded during the Syrian Civil War (post-2014) following the defeat of the Islamic State (ISIS).

5. Issues:

• Overcrowding, poor sanitation, and insecurity.
• Presence of radicalized individuals poses a security and humanitarian challenge.
• Calls for repatriation and rehabilitation of foreign nationals, especially women and children.

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