28 November 2025 Current Affairs (With PDF)

Stay updated with 28 November 2025 Current Affairs on this page! We bring you the most relevant and important news updates from around the world and India, specially curated for competitive exams and different entrance exams. Today's Current Affairs cover all significant national and international headlines, legal updates, economic news, and environmental highlights to boost your preparation. With our crisp, to-the-point coverage, you can confidently tackle current affairs questions in your exams.

Scheme to Promote Manufacturing of Sintered Rare Earth Permanent Magnets Approved by Union Cabinet

Purpose

To secure a long-term domestic supply of rare earth permanent magnets and reduce India’s dependence on imports, especially from China, for critical technologies.

Key Features

1. Financial Outlay

• ₹7,280 crore total.
• ₹6,450 crore – sales-linked incentives (over 5 years).
• ₹750 crore – capital subsidy for manufacturing facility setup.

 2.Scheme Objective

• Create 6,000 MTPA integrated REPM manufacturing capacity in India.

3. Beneficiary Allocation

• Capacity allocated to five beneficiaries via global competitive bidding.
• Each beneficiary can get up to 1,200 MTPA.

Processing chain covered under scheme: Rare Earth Oxides → Metals → Alloys → Sintered REPMs

4. Duration: 7 years total

• 2 years: Gestation period (facility setup)
• 5 years: Incentive disbursement based on sales

Technology: Sintered Rare Earth Permanent Magnets

1. What is Sintering?

A manufacturing process where materials are heated below melting point to:

• Strengthen the magnet
• Improve corrosion resistance
• Enhance magnetic performance

2. What are Rare Earth Permanent Magnets?

• High-performance magnets made from alloys of rare earth elements (Lanthanides + Scandium + Yttrium).

3. Key Properties

• Extremely strong magnetic force
• High energy density
• Superior performance compared to ferrite or alnico magnets

4. Applications

• Electric vehicles (EV motors)
• Wind turbines & renewable energy systems
• Smartphones, electronics
• Aerospace & defence tech
• Robotics and precision instruments

Supreme Court to Consider Plea for Revival of NJAC

Recently, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a PIL challenging the Collegium system for appointing judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts, seeking the revival of the NJAC, which was struck down in 2015.

National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) – 2014

1. Constitutional Basis

• Created through the 99th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2014.
• Aimed to replace the existing Collegium system.

2. Composition

Six-member commission:

• Chief Justice of India (CJI)
• Two senior-most Supreme Court judges
• Union Law Minister
• Two eminent persons

3. Judicial Verdict

• The NJAC was declared unconstitutional in the Fourth Judges Case (2015).
• Reason: Violation of the Basic Structure doctrine, specifically judicial independence.

Concerns with the Collegium System

1. Opaqueness & Lack of Accountability

• Decisions are confidential; no external oversight.
• Neither Parliament nor the Executive has a role except formal approval.

2. Exclusionary Outcomes

• Under-representation of women, SC/ST/OBC, minorities, and marginalized communities.
• Few judges from diverse professional backgrounds.

3. Constitutional Ambiguity

• Collegium emerged through judicial interpretation in the Three Judges Cases.
• Critics argue appointment procedures should be defined by Parliament.

4. Vacancies & Delays

• Frequent standoffs between Judiciary and Executive.
• Leads to a high proportion of vacancies in High Courts.

Existing Appointment System in Higher Judiciary

• Collegium + Memorandum of Procedure (MoP): MoP governs consultation, recommendation, and approval between Judiciary and Executive.
• Supreme Court Appointments Collegium consists of: CJI + Four senior-most SC judges
• High Court Appointments: Two-level collegium: High Court Collegium: Chief Justice of the High Court + Two senior-most HC judges, Supreme Court Collegium: CJI + Two senior-most SC judges
• CJI also consults SC judges familiar with the concerned High Court.

PM Calls on Citizens to Uphold Fundamental Duties

On Constitution Day, the Prime Minister urged citizens to uphold Fundamental Duties and contribute to strengthening India's democratic framework.

Constitutional Status of Fundamental Duties

1. Constitutional Provision

• Incorporated in Article 51A, Part IVA of the Constitution.
• Added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976.

2. Committee Recommendation

• Suggested by the Swaran Singh Committee (1976).

3. Amendments

• Initially 10 duties.
• The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002 added the 11th duty (parent’s duty to educate children aged 6–14).

4. Purpose

• Sets out the moral obligations of citizens.
• Aims to promote patriotism, unity, and integrity.

5. Nature

• Non-justiciable—courts cannot enforce them.
• Still essential for responsible citizenship and good governance.

Relationship Between Rights and Duties

1. Complementary Nature

• Rights and duties are interdependent.
• Rights cannot be fully realized without corresponding duties being performed.

2. Democratic Balance

• Duties ensure that individuals’ rights do not infringe on others' rights or disrupt social harmony.

3. Moral Linkage

• Encourage discipline, respect for constitutional institutions, and adherence to constitutional values.

4. Sustainability of Rights

• Rights remain meaningful only when citizens uphold their duties.
• Duties form the ethical foundation that sustains rights in the long term.

Philosophical Foundations of Duty

1. Mahatma Gandhi

• Held that duties are the true source of rights.
• Genuine rights naturally flow from the sincere performance of duties.

2. Plato

• Advocated that a just state is built when every individual performs their assigned duties.
• Duty-based behavior produces social harmony and order.

3. Immanuel Kant

• Emphasized morality rooted in duty through the categorical imperative.
• Ethical actions arise from obligation, not personal gain.

Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram (PMJVK)

A Centrally Sponsored Scheme for socio-economic infrastructure in minority-concentrated regions

About PMJVK

1. Type:

• Centrally Sponsored Scheme

2. Ministry:

• Ministry of Minority Affairs

3. Purpose:

• Bridge development deficits in minority-concentrated areas by providing essential infrastructure such as:
• Schools & educational facilities
• Health centres
• Hostels
• Community halls
• Drinking water & sanitation
• Skill development centres

Coverage

• Open to all districts that meet the government’s minority-population criteria.
• Catchment Requirement: Areas where minority population exceeds 25% within a 15 km radius.

Objective

To ensure inclusive growth by providing improved living standards, social infrastructure, and opportunities in Minority Concentrated Areas (MCAs).

Key Reform Highlight: SNA-SPARSH

Single Nodal Agency – Systematic Progressive Accounting Resource for State Harmonisation

1. Purpose

• Improve cash management in Centrally Sponsored Schemes.
• Ensure just-in-time fund flow from Centre to States.
• Integrates State IFMIS (Integrated Financial Management Information System) with RBI’s e-Kuber platform.

2. Benefits

• Faster fund transfers
• Greater transparency
• Better utilisation of scheme funds
• Reduced idle funds at state level

Article 141 – Law Declared by the Supreme Court

Recent Context

• SC expressed concern over coordinate benches overturning earlier decisions, which undermines consistency.
• Proper method is to refer the matter to a larger bench, not to overrule a coordinate bench.

What It States

“The law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the territory of India.”

Purpose and Significance

1. Ensures Legal Uniformity

Provides consistent application and interpretation of law across all states and lower courts.

2. Establishes Supreme Court’s Authority

Decisions on constitutional and statutory interpretation carry final legal weight.

Scope of Binding Nature

1. Ratio Decidendi (Binding)

• The core legal principle or reasoning used to decide the case.
• Forms the law of the land under Article 141.

2. Obiter Dicta (Not Binding)

• Observations, suggestions, or remarks made “by the way.”
• Not mandatory but carry persuasive value, especially when made by larger benches.

Commonwealth & Commonwealth Games – Key Points

India to Host Centenary Commonwealth Games 2030

• India has secured hosting rights for the 2030 Commonwealth Games, marking the event’s centenary edition.
• Ahmedabad has been officially confirmed as the host city.
• India earlier hosted the XIX Commonwealth Games in 2010 (New Delhi).

Commonwealth Games – Overview

• Type: International, multi-sport event among Commonwealth nations.
• Frequency: Quadrennial (every four years).
• First held: 1930, Hamilton, Canada.
• Unique for its inclusion of para-sports integrated with main events.

Commonwealth – Background & Evolution

• Emerged from the Imperial Conference of 1926, where Britain and its Dominions agreed to be “autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status.”
• Marked the beginning of a voluntary association rather than a colonial hierarchy.
• Formally shaped by the London Declaration, 1949.
• The declaration allowed republics and non-monarchical states to remain members.
• Membership: 56 countries (spanning Asia, Africa, Europe, Caribbean, and Pacific).

International IDEA – Key Points

India’s Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) is set to assume the Chairship of International IDEA, boosting India’s role in Global electoral governance, Knowledge-sharing on electoral management, Capacity-building in election technology and best practices

About International IDEA

• International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to strengthening democracy worldwide.
• Established in 1995, headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden.

Mandate / Objectives

• Support electoral processes and election management bodies (EMBs).
• Assist countries in constitution-building, political participation, and representation.
• Produce global democratic assessments (e.g., Global State of Democracy Report).
• Promote reforms related to governance, rule of law, and democratic institutions.

Membership

• 35 Member States from all regions.
• India is a member.
• USA and Japan participate as Observers, not full members.

PM1 – Key Facts

PM1 is considered more harmful than PM2.5 due to its extreme fineness and ability to reach internal systems.

What is PM1?

• PM1 refers to particulate matter smaller than 1 micron (1 µm) in diameter.
• These are even finer than PM2.5 and PM10, making them more dangerous.

Sources of PM1

• Vehicle exhaust (especially diesel engines)
• Industrial emissions
• Combustion processes (coal, biomass, waste burning)
• Smoke from wood burning and forest/agricultural fires

Health Hazards

• PM1 particles can penetrate deep lung tissue, cross into the bloodstream, and reach critical organs.
• They often carry heavy metals, toxic chemicals, and volatile compounds.
• Associated with: Cardiovascular diseases, Respiratory disorders, Neurodegenerative impacts, Systemic inflammation

Regulatory Gap in India

• India’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) monitor PM10 and PM2.5, not PM1.
• No regulation, no permissible limits, and very limited monitoring infrastructure exist for PM1.
• This creates a major policy blind spot, despite higher health risks.

Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) – Key Points

What is JUNO?

• JUNO is a newly completed underground neutrino detector located in Jiangmen, Guangdong, China.
• It is one of the world’s largest liquid scintillator detectors (≈20,000 tonnes).

Objectives

1. To study neutrino oscillations:

• the phenomenon where neutrinos switch between different “flavours”.

2. To determine the neutrino mass ordering/hierarchy:

• Whether the three neutrino types have normal or inverted mass order.

3. To improve understanding of:

• Matter–antimatter asymmetry
• Supernova neutrinos
• Solar and atmospheric neutrino behaviour

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